Mercurial > hg > octave-lyh
annotate doc/interpreter/basics.txi @ 16533:52c661334154
avoid trouble with @sc{..} in section heading/node name
* java.txi, octave.texi: Use Matlab instead of @sc{matlab} in section
heading, node name, and corresponding menu item.
| author | John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 17 Apr 2013 16:54:24 -0400 |
| parents | 9bbc96a6ef94 |
| children | 7eff3032d144 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
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1 @c Copyright (C) 1996-2012 John W. Eaton |
| 7018 | 2 @c |
| 3 @c This file is part of Octave. | |
| 4 @c | |
| 5 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
| 6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the | |
| 7 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at | |
| 8 @c your option) any later version. | |
| 9 @c | |
| 10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT | |
| 11 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or | |
| 12 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License | |
| 13 @c for more details. | |
| 14 @c | |
| 15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
| 16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see | |
| 17 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | |
| 3294 | 18 |
| 4167 | 19 @node Getting Started |
| 3294 | 20 @chapter Getting Started |
| 21 | |
| 22 This chapter explains some of Octave's basic features, including how to | |
| 23 start an Octave session, get help at the command prompt, edit the | |
| 24 command line, and write Octave programs that can be executed as commands | |
| 25 from your shell. | |
| 26 | |
| 27 @menu | |
| 6620 | 28 * Invoking Octave from the Command Line:: |
| 3294 | 29 * Quitting Octave:: |
| 30 * Getting Help:: | |
| 31 * Command Line Editing:: | |
| 32 * Errors:: | |
| 33 * Executable Octave Programs:: | |
| 34 * Comments:: | |
| 35 @end menu | |
| 36 | |
| 6620 | 37 @node Invoking Octave from the Command Line |
| 38 @section Invoking Octave from the Command Line | |
| 3294 | 39 |
| 40 Normally, Octave is used interactively by running the program | |
| 41 @samp{octave} without any arguments. Once started, Octave reads | |
| 42 commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit. | |
| 43 | |
| 44 You can also specify the name of a file on the command line, and Octave | |
| 45 will read and execute the commands from the named file and then exit | |
| 46 when it is finished. | |
| 47 | |
| 48 You can further control how Octave starts by using the command-line | |
| 49 options described in the next section, and Octave itself can remind you | |
| 50 of the options available. Type @samp{octave --help} to display all | |
| 51 available options and briefly describe their use (@samp{octave -h} is a | |
| 52 shorter equivalent). | |
| 53 | |
| 54 @menu | |
| 55 * Command Line Options:: | |
| 56 * Startup Files:: | |
| 57 @end menu | |
| 58 | |
| 4167 | 59 @node Command Line Options |
| 3294 | 60 @subsection Command Line Options |
| 61 @cindex Octave command options | |
| 62 @cindex command options | |
| 63 @cindex options, Octave command | |
| 64 | |
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65 Here is a complete list of the command line options that Octave |
| 3294 | 66 accepts. |
| 67 | |
| 6620 | 68 |
| 3294 | 69 @table @code |
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70 @item --debug |
| 3294 | 71 @itemx -d |
| 72 @cindex @code{--debug} | |
| 73 @cindex @code{-d} | |
| 74 Enter parser debugging mode. Using this option will cause Octave's | |
| 75 parser to print a lot of information about the commands it reads, and is | |
| 76 probably only useful if you are actually trying to debug the parser. | |
| 77 | |
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78 @item --doc-cache-file @var{filename} |
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79 @cindex @code{--doc-cache-file @var{filename}} |
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80 Specify the name of the doc cache file to use. The value of @var{filename} |
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81 specified on the command line will override any value of |
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82 @w{@env{OCTAVE_DOC_CACHE_FILE}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
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83 in the system or user startup files that use the @code{doc_cache_file} |
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84 function. |
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85 |
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86 @item --echo-commands |
| 3294 | 87 @itemx -x |
| 88 @cindex @code{--echo-commands} | |
| 89 @cindex @code{-x} | |
| 90 Echo commands as they are executed. | |
| 91 | |
| 5190 | 92 @item --eval @var{code} |
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93 Evaluate @var{code} and exit when finished unless @option{--persist} is also |
| 5190 | 94 specified. |
| 95 | |
| 3294 | 96 @item --exec-path @var{path} |
| 97 @cindex @code{--exec-path @var{path}} | |
| 98 Specify the path to search for programs to run. The value of @var{path} | |
| 99 specified on the command line will override any value of | |
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100 @w{@env{OCTAVE_EXEC_PATH}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
| 3294 | 101 in the system or user startup files that set the built-in variable |
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102 @w{@env{EXEC_PATH}}. |
| 3294 | 103 |
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104 @item --force-gui |
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105 @cindex @code{--force-gui} |
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106 Force the graphical user interface (GUI) to start. |
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107 |
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108 @item --help |
| 3294 | 109 @itemx -h |
| 110 @itemx -? | |
| 111 @cindex @code{--help} | |
| 112 @cindex @code{-h} | |
| 113 @cindex @code{-?} | |
| 114 Print short help message and exit. | |
| 115 | |
| 6620 | 116 @item --image-path @var{path} |
| 117 @cindex @code{--image-path @var{path}} | |
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118 Add path to the head of the search path for images. The value of |
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119 @var{path} specified on the command line will override any value of |
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120 @w{@env{OCTAVE_IMAGE_PATH}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
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121 in the system or user startup files that set the built-in variable |
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122 @w{@env{IMAGE_PATH}}. |
| 6620 | 123 |
| 3294 | 124 @item --info-file @var{filename} |
| 125 @cindex @code{--info-file @var{filename}} | |
| 126 Specify the name of the info file to use. The value of @var{filename} | |
| 127 specified on the command line will override any value of | |
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128 @w{@env{OCTAVE_INFO_FILE}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
| 6653 | 129 in the system or user startup files that use the @code{info_file} |
| 6477 | 130 function. |
| 3294 | 131 |
| 132 @item --info-program @var{program} | |
| 133 @cindex @code{--info-program @var{program}} | |
| 134 Specify the name of the info program to use. The value of @var{program} | |
| 135 specified on the command line will override any value of | |
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136 @w{@env{OCTAVE_INFO_PROGRAM}} found in the environment, but not any |
| 6477 | 137 commands in the system or user startup files that use the |
| 138 @code{info_program} function. | |
| 3294 | 139 |
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140 @item --interactive |
| 3294 | 141 @itemx -i |
| 142 @cindex @code{--interactive} | |
| 143 @cindex @code{-i} | |
| 144 Force interactive behavior. This can be useful for running Octave via a | |
| 145 remote shell command or inside an Emacs shell buffer. For another way | |
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146 to run Octave within Emacs, see @ref{Emacs Octave Support}. |
| 3294 | 147 |
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148 @item --jit-debug |
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149 @cindex @code{--jit-debug} |
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150 Enable JIT compiler debugging and tracing. |
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151 |
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152 @item --line-editing |
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153 @cindex @code{--line-editing} |
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154 Force readline use for command-line editing. |
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155 |
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156 @item --no-gui |
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157 @cindex @code{--no-gui} |
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158 Disable the graphical user interface (GUI) and use the command line |
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159 interface (CLI) instead. |
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160 |
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161 @item --no-history |
| 3428 | 162 @itemx -H |
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163 @cindex @code{--no-history} |
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164 @cindex @code{-H} |
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165 Disable recording of command-line history. |
| 3428 | 166 |
| 3294 | 167 @item --no-init-file |
| 168 @cindex @code{--no-init-file} | |
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169 Don't read the initialization files @file{~/.octaverc} and @file{.octaverc}. |
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170 |
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171 @item --no-init-path |
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172 @cindex @code{--no-init-path} |
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173 Don't initialize the search path for function files to include default |
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174 locations. |
| 3294 | 175 |
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176 @item --no-jit-compiler |
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177 @cindex @code{--no-jit-compiler} |
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178 Disable the JIT compiler used for accelerating loops. |
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179 |
| 3294 | 180 @item --no-line-editing |
| 181 @cindex @code{--no-line-editing} | |
| 182 Disable command-line editing. | |
| 183 | |
| 184 @item --no-site-file | |
| 185 @cindex @code{--no-site-file} | |
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186 Don't read the site-wide @file{octaverc} initialization files. |
| 3294 | 187 |
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188 @item --no-window-system |
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189 @cindex @code{--no-window-system} |
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190 Disable use of a windowing system including graphics. This forces a |
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191 strictly terminal-only environment. |
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192 |
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193 @item --norc |
| 3294 | 194 @itemx -f |
| 195 @cindex @code{--norc} | |
| 196 @cindex @code{-f} | |
| 197 Don't read any of the system or user initialization files at startup. | |
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198 This is equivalent to using both of the options @option{--no-init-file} |
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199 and @option{--no-site-file}. |
| 3294 | 200 |
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201 @item --path @var{path} |
| 3294 | 202 @itemx -p @var{path} |
| 203 @cindex @code{--path @var{path}} | |
| 204 @cindex @code{-p @var{path}} | |
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205 Add path to the head of the search path for function files. The |
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206 value of @var{path} specified on the command line will override any value |
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207 of @w{@env{OCTAVE_PATH}} found in the environment, but not any commands in the |
| 6643 | 208 system or user startup files that set the internal load path through one |
| 209 of the path functions. | |
| 3294 | 210 |
| 5190 | 211 @item --persist |
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212 @cindex @code{--persist} |
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213 Go to interactive mode after @option{--eval} or reading from a file |
| 5190 | 214 named on the command line. |
| 215 | |
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216 @item --silent |
| 3294 | 217 @itemx --quiet |
| 218 @itemx -q | |
| 219 @cindex @code{--silent} | |
| 220 @cindex @code{--quiet} | |
| 221 @cindex @code{-q} | |
| 222 Don't print the usual greeting and version message at startup. | |
| 223 | |
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224 @item --texi-macros-file @var{filename} |
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225 @cindex @code{--texi-macros-file @var{filename}} |
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226 Specify the name of the file containing Texinfo macros for use by makeinfo. |
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227 |
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228 @item --traditional |
| 3294 | 229 @itemx --braindead |
| 230 @cindex @code{--traditional} | |
| 231 @cindex @code{--braindead} | |
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232 For compatibility with @sc{matlab}, set initial values for |
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233 user preferences to the following values |
| 3294 | 234 |
| 235 @example | |
| 4455 | 236 @group |
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237 PS1 = ">> " |
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238 PS2 = "" |
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239 allow_noninteger_range_as_index = true |
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240 beep_on_error = true |
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241 confirm_recursive_rmdir = false |
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242 crash_dumps_octave_core = false |
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243 default_save_options = "-mat-binary" |
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244 do_braindead_shortcircuit_evaluation = true |
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245 fixed_point_format = true |
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246 history_timestamp_format_string = "%%-- %D %I:%M %p --%%" |
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247 page_screen_output = false |
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248 print_empty_dimensions = false |
| 6556 | 249 @end group |
| 250 @end example | |
| 251 | |
| 252 @noindent | |
| 253 and disable the following warnings | |
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254 |
| 6556 | 255 @example |
| 256 @group | |
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257 Octave:abbreviated-property-match |
| 7031 | 258 Octave:fopen-file-in-path |
| 259 Octave:function-name-clash | |
| 260 Octave:load-file-in-path | |
| 4455 | 261 @end group |
| 3294 | 262 @end example |
| 263 | |
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264 @noindent |
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265 Note that this does not enable the @code{Octave:matlab-incompatible} |
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266 warning, which you might want if you want to be told about writing code |
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267 that works in Octave but not Matlab (@pxref{doc-warning}, |
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268 @pxref{doc-warning_ids}). |
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269 |
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270 @item --verbose |
| 3294 | 271 @itemx -V |
| 272 @cindex @code{--verbose} | |
| 273 @cindex @code{-V} | |
| 274 Turn on verbose output. | |
| 275 | |
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276 @item --version |
| 3294 | 277 @itemx -v |
| 278 @cindex @code{--version} | |
| 279 @cindex @code{-v} | |
| 280 Print the program version number and exit. | |
| 281 | |
| 282 @item @var{file} | |
| 5190 | 283 Execute commands from @var{file}. Exit when done unless |
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284 @option{--persist} is also specified. |
| 3294 | 285 @end table |
| 286 | |
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287 Octave also includes several functions which return information |
| 3294 | 288 about the command line, including the number of arguments and all of the |
| 289 options. | |
| 290 | |
| 3332 | 291 @DOCSTRING(argv) |
| 3294 | 292 |
| 6550 | 293 @DOCSTRING(program_name) |
| 294 | |
| 3332 | 295 @DOCSTRING(program_invocation_name) |
| 3294 | 296 |
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297 Here is an example of using these functions to reproduce the command |
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298 line which invoked Octave. |
| 3294 | 299 |
| 300 @example | |
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301 @group |
| 6479 | 302 printf ("%s", program_name ()); |
| 6620 | 303 arg_list = argv (); |
| 3294 | 304 for i = 1:nargin |
| 6479 | 305 printf (" %s", arg_list@{i@}); |
| 3294 | 306 endfor |
| 307 printf ("\n"); | |
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308 @end group |
| 3294 | 309 @end example |
| 310 | |
| 311 @noindent | |
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312 @xref{Indexing Cell Arrays}, for an explanation of how to retrieve objects |
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313 from cell arrays, and @ref{Defining Functions}, for information about the |
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314 variable @code{nargin}. |
| 3294 | 315 |
| 4167 | 316 @node Startup Files |
| 3294 | 317 @subsection Startup Files |
| 318 @cindex initialization | |
| 319 @cindex startup | |
| 320 | |
| 6620 | 321 When Octave starts, it looks for commands to execute from the files in |
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322 the following list. These files may contain any valid Octave commands, |
| 6620 | 323 including function definitions. |
| 3294 | 324 |
| 325 @cindex startup files | |
| 326 | |
| 327 @table @code | |
| 328 @item @var{octave-home}/share/octave/site/m/startup/octaverc | |
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329 @cindex site startup file |
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330 where @var{octave-home} is the directory in which Octave is installed |
| 9906 | 331 (the default is @file{/usr/local}). |
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332 This file is provided so that changes to the default Octave environment |
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333 can be made globally for all users at your site for all versions of Octave |
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334 you have installed. Care should be taken when making changes to this file |
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335 since all users of Octave at your site will be affected. The default file |
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336 may be overridden by the environment variable @w{@env{OCTAVE_SITE_INITFILE}}. |
| 3294 | 337 |
| 338 @item @var{octave-home}/share/octave/@var{version}/m/startup/octaverc | |
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339 @cindex version startup file |
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340 where @var{octave-home} is the directory in which Octave is |
| 9906 | 341 installed (the default is @file{/usr/local}), and @var{version} |
| 3294 | 342 is the version number of Octave. This file is provided so that changes |
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343 to the default Octave environment can be made globally for all users of |
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344 a particular version of Octave. Care should be taken when making |
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345 changes to this file since all users of Octave at your site will be |
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346 affected. The default file may be overridden by the environment variable |
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347 @w{@env{OCTAVE_VERSION_INITFILE}}. |
| 3294 | 348 |
| 349 @item ~/.octaverc | |
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350 @cindex personal startup file |
| 3294 | 351 @cindex @code{~/.octaverc} |
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352 This file is used to make personal changes to the default |
| 3294 | 353 Octave environment. |
| 354 | |
| 355 @item .octaverc | |
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356 @cindex project startup file |
| 3294 | 357 @cindex @code{.octaverc} |
| 358 This file can be used to make changes to the default Octave environment | |
| 359 for a particular project. Octave searches for this file in the current | |
| 360 directory after it reads @file{~/.octaverc}. Any use of the @code{cd} | |
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361 command in the @file{~/.octaverc} file will affect the directory where |
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362 Octave searches for @file{.octaverc}. |
| 3294 | 363 |
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364 If you start Octave in your home directory, commands from the file |
| 3294 | 365 @file{~/.octaverc} will only be executed once. |
| 366 @end table | |
| 367 | |
| 368 A message will be displayed as each of the startup files is read if you | |
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369 invoke Octave with the @option{--verbose} option but without the |
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370 @option{--silent} option. |
| 3294 | 371 |
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372 The @code{dump_prefs} function is useful for determining what customizations |
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373 to Octave are possible and which are in effect. |
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374 |
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375 @DOCSTRING(dump_prefs) |
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376 |
| 4167 | 377 @node Quitting Octave |
| 3294 | 378 @section Quitting Octave |
| 379 @cindex exiting octave | |
| 380 @cindex quitting octave | |
| 381 | |
| 3332 | 382 @DOCSTRING(quit) |
| 3294 | 383 |
| 3332 | 384 @DOCSTRING(atexit) |
| 3294 | 385 |
| 4167 | 386 @node Getting Help |
| 3294 | 387 @section Commands for Getting Help |
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388 @cindex online help |
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389 @cindex help, online |
| 3294 | 390 |
| 391 The entire text of this manual is available from the Octave prompt | |
| 6620 | 392 via the command @kbd{doc}. In addition, the documentation for |
| 3294 | 393 individual user-written functions and variables is also available via |
| 394 the @kbd{help} command. This section describes the commands used for | |
| 395 reading the manual and the documentation strings for user-supplied | |
| 396 functions and variables. @xref{Function Files}, for more information | |
| 397 about how to document the functions you write. | |
| 398 | |
| 3332 | 399 @DOCSTRING(help) |
| 3294 | 400 |
| 6549 | 401 @DOCSTRING(doc) |
| 402 | |
| 403 @DOCSTRING(lookfor) | |
| 404 | |
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405 To see what is new in the current release of Octave, use the @code{news} |
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406 function. |
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407 |
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408 @DOCSTRING(news) |
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409 |
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410 @DOCSTRING(info) |
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411 |
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412 @DOCSTRING(warranty) |
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413 |
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414 The following functions can be used to change which programs are used |
| 6620 | 415 for displaying the documentation, and where the documentation can be |
| 416 found. | |
| 3294 | 417 |
| 6477 | 418 @DOCSTRING(info_file) |
| 3294 | 419 |
| 6477 | 420 @DOCSTRING(info_program) |
| 3294 | 421 |
| 6477 | 422 @DOCSTRING(makeinfo_program) |
| 3686 | 423 |
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424 @DOCSTRING(texi_macros_file) |
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425 |
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426 @DOCSTRING(doc_cache_file) |
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427 |
| 3332 | 428 @DOCSTRING(suppress_verbose_help_message) |
| 3294 | 429 |
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430 The following functions are principally used internally by Octave for |
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431 generating the documentation. They are documented here for completeness |
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432 and because they may occasionally be useful for users. |
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433 |
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434 @DOCSTRING(gen_doc_cache) |
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435 |
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436 @DOCSTRING(get_help_text) |
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437 |
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438 @DOCSTRING(get_help_text_from_file) |
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439 |
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440 @DOCSTRING(get_first_help_sentence) |
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441 |
| 4167 | 442 @node Command Line Editing |
| 3294 | 443 @section Command Line Editing |
| 444 @cindex command-line editing | |
| 445 @cindex editing the command line | |
| 446 | |
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447 Octave uses the GNU Readline library to provide an extensive set of |
| 3294 | 448 command-line editing and history features. Only the most common |
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449 features are described in this manual. In addition, all of the editing |
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450 functions can be bound to different key strokes at the user's discretion. |
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451 This manual assumes no changes from the default Emacs bindings. See the GNU |
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452 Readline Library manual for more information on customizing Readline and |
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453 for a complete feature list. |
| 3294 | 454 |
| 455 To insert printing characters (letters, digits, symbols, etc.), simply | |
| 456 type the character. Octave will insert the character at the cursor and | |
| 457 advance the cursor forward. | |
| 458 | |
| 459 Many of the command-line editing functions operate using control | |
| 460 characters. For example, the character @kbd{Control-a} moves the cursor | |
| 461 to the beginning of the line. To type @kbd{C-a}, hold down @key{CTRL} | |
| 462 and then press @key{a}. In the following sections, control characters | |
| 463 such as @kbd{Control-a} are written as @kbd{C-a}. | |
| 464 | |
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465 Another set of command-line editing functions use Meta characters. To |
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466 type @kbd{M-u}, hold down the @key{META} key and press @key{u}. Depending |
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467 on the keyboard, the @key{META} key may be labeled @key{ALT} or |
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468 even @key{WINDOWS}. If your terminal does not have a @key{META} key, you |
| 7001 | 469 can still type Meta characters using two-character sequences starting |
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470 with @kbd{ESC}. Thus, to enter @kbd{M-u}, you would type |
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471 @key{ESC} @key{u}. The @kbd{ESC} character sequences are also allowed on |
| 3294 | 472 terminals with real Meta keys. In the following sections, Meta |
| 473 characters such as @kbd{Meta-u} are written as @kbd{M-u}. | |
| 474 | |
| 3428 | 475 |
| 3294 | 476 @menu |
| 477 * Cursor Motion:: | |
| 478 * Killing and Yanking:: | |
| 479 * Commands For Text:: | |
| 480 * Commands For Completion:: | |
| 481 * Commands For History:: | |
| 3439 | 482 * Customizing readline:: |
| 3294 | 483 * Customizing the Prompt:: |
| 484 * Diary and Echo Commands:: | |
| 485 @end menu | |
| 486 | |
| 4167 | 487 @node Cursor Motion |
| 3294 | 488 @subsection Cursor Motion |
| 489 | |
| 490 The following commands allow you to position the cursor. | |
| 491 | |
| 492 @table @kbd | |
| 493 @item C-b | |
| 494 Move back one character. | |
| 495 | |
| 496 @item C-f | |
| 497 Move forward one character. | |
| 498 | |
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499 @item @key{BACKSPACE} |
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500 Delete the character to the left of the cursor. |
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501 |
| 3294 | 502 @item @key{DEL} |
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503 Delete the character underneath the cursor. |
| 3294 | 504 |
| 505 @item C-d | |
| 506 Delete the character underneath the cursor. | |
| 507 | |
| 508 @item M-f | |
| 509 Move forward a word. | |
| 510 | |
| 511 @item M-b | |
| 512 Move backward a word. | |
| 513 | |
| 514 @item C-a | |
| 515 Move to the start of the line. | |
| 516 | |
| 517 @item C-e | |
| 518 Move to the end of the line. | |
| 519 | |
| 520 @item C-l | |
| 521 Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. | |
| 522 | |
| 523 @item C-_ | |
| 524 @itemx C-/ | |
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525 Undo the last action. You can undo all the way back to an empty line. |
| 3294 | 526 |
| 527 @item M-r | |
| 528 Undo all changes made to this line. This is like typing the `undo' | |
| 529 command enough times to get back to the beginning. | |
| 530 @end table | |
| 531 | |
| 532 The above table describes the most basic possible keystrokes that you need | |
| 533 in order to do editing of the input line. On most terminals, you can | |
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534 also use the left and right arrow keys in place of @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} |
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535 to move forward and backward. |
| 3294 | 536 |
| 537 Notice how @kbd{C-f} moves forward a character, while @kbd{M-f} moves | |
| 538 forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes | |
| 539 operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. | |
| 540 | |
| 541 @cindex clearing the screen | |
| 542 | |
| 6620 | 543 The function @code{clc} will allow you to clear the screen from within |
| 544 Octave programs. | |
| 545 | |
| 3332 | 546 @DOCSTRING(clc) |
| 3294 | 547 |
| 4167 | 548 @node Killing and Yanking |
| 3294 | 549 @subsection Killing and Yanking |
| 550 | |
| 551 @dfn{Killing} text means to delete the text from the line, but to save | |
| 552 it away for later use, usually by @dfn{yanking} it back into the line. | |
| 553 If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can | |
| 554 be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) | |
| 555 place later. | |
| 556 | |
| 557 Here is the list of commands for killing text. | |
| 558 | |
| 559 @table @kbd | |
| 560 @item C-k | |
| 561 Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. | |
| 562 | |
| 563 @item M-d | |
| 564 Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between | |
| 565 words, to the end of the next word. | |
| 566 | |
| 567 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
| 568 Kill from the cursor to the start of the previous word, or if between | |
| 569 words, to the start of the previous word. | |
| 570 | |
| 571 @item C-w | |
| 572 Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than | |
| 573 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} because the word boundaries differ. | |
| 574 @end table | |
| 575 | |
| 576 And, here is how to @dfn{yank} the text back into the line. Yanking | |
| 577 means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. | |
| 578 | |
| 579 @table @kbd | |
| 580 @item C-y | |
| 581 Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. | |
| 582 | |
| 583 @item M-y | |
| 584 Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if | |
| 585 the prior command is @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{M-y}. | |
| 586 @end table | |
| 587 | |
| 588 When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a @dfn{kill-ring}. | |
| 589 Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so | |
| 590 that when you yank it back, you get it in one clean sweep. The kill | |
| 591 ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously | |
| 592 typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing | |
| 593 another line. | |
| 594 | |
| 4167 | 595 @node Commands For Text |
| 3294 | 596 @subsection Commands For Changing Text |
| 597 | |
| 598 The following commands can be used for entering characters that would | |
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599 otherwise have a special meaning (e.g., @key{TAB}, @kbd{C-q}, etc.), or |
| 3294 | 600 for quickly correcting typing mistakes. |
| 601 | |
| 602 @table @kbd | |
| 603 @item C-q | |
| 604 @itemx C-v | |
| 605 Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim. This is | |
| 606 how to insert things like @kbd{C-q} for example. | |
| 607 | |
| 608 @item M-@key{TAB} | |
| 609 Insert a tab character. | |
| 610 | |
| 611 @item C-t | |
| 612 Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at the | |
| 613 cursor, also moving the cursor forward. If the cursor is at the end of | |
| 614 the line, then transpose the two characters before it. | |
| 615 | |
| 616 @item M-t | |
| 617 Drag the word behind the cursor past the word in front of the cursor | |
| 618 moving the cursor over that word as well. | |
| 619 | |
| 620 @item M-u | |
| 621 Uppercase the characters following the cursor to the end of the current | |
| 622 (or following) word, moving the cursor to the end of the word. | |
| 623 | |
| 624 @item M-l | |
| 6620 | 625 Lowercase the characters following the cursor to the end of the current |
| 3294 | 626 (or following) word, moving the cursor to the end of the word. |
| 627 | |
| 628 @item M-c | |
| 629 Uppercase the character following the cursor (or the beginning of the | |
| 630 next word if the cursor is between words), moving the cursor to the end | |
| 631 of the word. | |
| 632 @end table | |
| 633 | |
| 4167 | 634 @node Commands For Completion |
| 3294 | 635 @subsection Letting Readline Type For You |
| 636 @cindex command completion | |
| 637 | |
| 638 The following commands allow Octave to complete command and variable | |
| 639 names for you. | |
| 640 | |
| 641 @table @kbd | |
| 642 @item @key{TAB} | |
| 643 Attempt to do completion on the text before the cursor. Octave can | |
| 644 complete the names of commands and variables. | |
| 645 | |
| 646 @item M-? | |
| 647 List the possible completions of the text before the cursor. | |
| 648 @end table | |
| 649 | |
| 3332 | 650 @DOCSTRING(completion_append_char) |
| 3294 | 651 |
| 3332 | 652 @DOCSTRING(completion_matches) |
| 3294 | 653 |
| 4167 | 654 @node Commands For History |
| 3294 | 655 @subsection Commands For Manipulating The History |
| 656 @cindex command history | |
| 657 @cindex input history | |
| 658 @cindex history of commands | |
| 659 | |
| 660 Octave normally keeps track of the commands you type so that you can | |
| 661 recall previous commands to edit or execute them again. When you exit | |
| 662 Octave, the most recent commands you have typed, up to the number | |
| 663 specified by the variable @code{history_size}, are saved in a file. | |
| 664 When Octave starts, it loads an initial list of commands from the file | |
| 665 named by the variable @code{history_file}. | |
| 666 | |
| 667 Here are the commands for simple browsing and searching the history | |
| 668 list. | |
| 669 | |
| 670 @table @kbd | |
| 671 @item @key{LFD} | |
| 672 @itemx @key{RET} | |
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673 Accept the current line regardless of where the cursor is. If the line is |
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674 non-empty, add it to the history list. If the line was a history |
| 3294 | 675 line, then restore the history line to its original state. |
| 676 | |
| 677 @item C-p | |
| 678 Move `up' through the history list. | |
| 679 | |
| 680 @item C-n | |
| 681 Move `down' through the history list. | |
| 682 | |
| 683 @item M-< | |
| 684 Move to the first line in the history. | |
| 685 | |
| 686 @item M-> | |
| 687 Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line you are entering! | |
| 688 | |
| 689 @item C-r | |
| 690 Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through | |
| 691 the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. | |
| 692 | |
| 693 @item C-s | |
| 694 Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through | |
| 695 the history as necessary. | |
| 696 @end table | |
| 697 | |
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698 On most terminals, you can also use the up and down arrow keys in place |
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699 of @kbd{C-p} and @kbd{C-n} to move through the history list. |
| 3294 | 700 |
| 701 In addition to the keyboard commands for moving through the history | |
| 702 list, Octave provides three functions for viewing, editing, and | |
| 703 re-running chunks of commands from the history list. | |
| 704 | |
| 3332 | 705 @DOCSTRING(history) |
| 3294 | 706 |
| 3332 | 707 @DOCSTRING(edit_history) |
| 3294 | 708 |
| 3332 | 709 @DOCSTRING(run_history) |
| 3294 | 710 |
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711 @noindent |
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712 Octave also allows you customize the details of when, where, and how history |
| 6620 | 713 is saved. |
| 3294 | 714 |
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715 @DOCSTRING(saving_history) |
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716 |
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717 @DOCSTRING(history_control) |
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718 |
| 3332 | 719 @DOCSTRING(history_file) |
| 3294 | 720 |
| 3332 | 721 @DOCSTRING(history_size) |
| 3294 | 722 |
| 6550 | 723 @DOCSTRING(history_timestamp_format_string) |
| 724 | |
| 6620 | 725 @DOCSTRING(EDITOR) |
| 726 | |
| 4167 | 727 @node Customizing readline |
| 3428 | 728 @subsection Customizing @code{readline} |
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729 @cindex @code{~/.inputrc} |
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730 @cindex customizing @code{readline} |
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731 @cindex @code{readline} customization |
| 3428 | 732 |
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733 Octave uses the GNU Readline library for command-line editing and |
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734 history features. Readline is very flexible and can be modified through |
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735 a configuration file of commands (See the GNU Readline library for the |
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736 exact command syntax). The default configuration file is normally |
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737 @file{~/.inputrc}. |
| 6620 | 738 |
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739 Octave provides two commands for initializing Readline and thereby changing |
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740 the command line behavior. |
| 3428 | 741 |
| 3439 | 742 @DOCSTRING(read_readline_init_file) |
| 3428 | 743 |
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744 @DOCSTRING(re_read_readline_init_file) |
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745 |
| 4167 | 746 @node Customizing the Prompt |
| 3294 | 747 @subsection Customizing the Prompt |
| 748 @cindex prompt customization | |
| 749 @cindex customizing the prompt | |
| 750 | |
| 751 The following variables are available for customizing the appearance of | |
| 752 the command-line prompts. Octave allows the prompt to be customized by | |
| 753 inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are | |
| 754 decoded as follows: | |
| 755 | |
| 756 @table @samp | |
| 757 @item \t | |
| 758 The time. | |
| 759 | |
| 760 @item \d | |
| 761 The date. | |
| 762 | |
| 763 @item \n | |
| 764 Begins a new line by printing the equivalent of a carriage return | |
| 765 followed by a line feed. | |
| 766 | |
| 767 @item \s | |
| 768 The name of the program (usually just @samp{octave}). | |
| 769 | |
| 770 @item \w | |
| 771 The current working directory. | |
| 772 | |
| 773 @item \W | |
| 774 The basename of the current working directory. | |
| 775 | |
| 776 @item \u | |
| 777 The username of the current user. | |
| 778 | |
| 779 @item \h | |
| 780 The hostname, up to the first `.'. | |
| 781 | |
| 782 @item \H | |
| 783 The hostname. | |
| 784 | |
| 785 @item \# | |
| 786 The command number of this command, counting from when Octave starts. | |
| 787 | |
| 788 @item \! | |
| 789 The history number of this command. This differs from @samp{\#} by the | |
| 790 number of commands in the history list when Octave starts. | |
| 791 | |
| 792 @item \$ | |
| 793 If the effective UID is 0, a @samp{#}, otherwise a @samp{$}. | |
| 794 | |
| 795 @item \nnn | |
| 796 The character whose character code in octal is @var{nnn}. | |
| 797 | |
| 798 @item \\ | |
| 799 A backslash. | |
| 800 @end table | |
| 801 | |
| 3332 | 802 @DOCSTRING(PS1) |
| 3294 | 803 |
| 3332 | 804 @DOCSTRING(PS2) |
| 3294 | 805 |
| 3332 | 806 @DOCSTRING(PS4) |
| 3294 | 807 |
| 4167 | 808 @node Diary and Echo Commands |
| 3294 | 809 @subsection Diary and Echo Commands |
| 810 @cindex diary of commands and output | |
| 6939 | 811 @cindex command and output logs |
| 3294 | 812 @cindex logging commands and output |
| 813 @cindex echoing executing commands | |
| 814 @cindex command echoing | |
| 815 | |
| 816 Octave's diary feature allows you to keep a log of all or part of an | |
| 817 interactive session by recording the input you type and the output that | |
| 818 Octave produces in a separate file. | |
| 819 | |
| 3332 | 820 @DOCSTRING(diary) |
| 3294 | 821 |
| 822 Sometimes it is useful to see the commands in a function or script as | |
| 823 they are being evaluated. This can be especially helpful for debugging | |
| 824 some kinds of problems. | |
| 825 | |
| 3332 | 826 @DOCSTRING(echo) |
| 3294 | 827 |
| 3332 | 828 @DOCSTRING(echo_executing_commands) |
| 3294 | 829 |
| 4167 | 830 @node Errors |
| 3294 | 831 @section How Octave Reports Errors |
| 832 @cindex error messages | |
| 833 @cindex messages, error | |
| 834 | |
| 835 Octave reports two kinds of errors for invalid programs. | |
| 836 | |
| 837 A @dfn{parse error} occurs if Octave cannot understand something you | |
| 838 have typed. For example, if you misspell a keyword, | |
| 839 | |
| 840 @example | |
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841 octave:13> function y = f (x) y = x***2; endfunction |
| 3294 | 842 @end example |
| 843 | |
| 844 @noindent | |
| 845 Octave will respond immediately with a message like this: | |
| 846 | |
| 847 @example | |
|
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848 @group |
| 3294 | 849 parse error: |
| 850 | |
|
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851 syntax error |
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852 |
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853 >>> function y = f (x) y = x***2; endfunction |
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854 ^ |
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855 @end group |
| 3294 | 856 @end example |
| 857 | |
| 858 @noindent | |
| 859 For most parse errors, Octave uses a caret (@samp{^}) to mark the point | |
| 860 on the line where it was unable to make sense of your input. In this | |
|
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861 case, Octave generated an error message because the keyword for |
|
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862 exponentiation (@code{**}) was misspelled. It marked the error at the |
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863 third @samp{*} because the code leading up to this was correct but the final |
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864 @samp{*} was not understood. |
| 3294 | 865 |
| 866 Another class of error message occurs at evaluation time. These | |
| 867 errors are called @dfn{run-time errors}, or sometimes | |
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868 @dfn{evaluation errors}, because they occur when your program is being |
| 3294 | 869 @dfn{run}, or @dfn{evaluated}. For example, if after correcting the |
| 870 mistake in the previous function definition, you type | |
| 871 | |
| 872 @example | |
| 873 octave:13> f () | |
| 874 @end example | |
| 875 | |
| 876 @noindent | |
| 877 Octave will respond with | |
| 878 | |
|
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879 @example |
| 3294 | 880 @group |
| 881 error: `x' undefined near line 1 column 24 | |
|
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882 error: called from: |
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883 error: f at line 1, column 22 |
| 3294 | 884 @end group |
|
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885 @end example |
| 3294 | 886 |
| 6620 | 887 @noindent |
|
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888 This error message has several parts, and gives quite a bit of |
| 3294 | 889 information to help you locate the source of the error. The messages |
| 890 are generated from the point of the innermost error, and provide a | |
| 891 traceback of enclosing expressions and function calls. | |
| 892 | |
| 893 In the example above, the first line indicates that a variable named | |
| 894 @samp{x} was found to be undefined near line 1 and column 24 of some | |
| 895 function or expression. For errors occurring within functions, lines | |
| 896 are counted from the beginning of the file containing the function | |
|
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897 definition. For errors occurring outside of an enclosing function, |
|
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898 the line number indicates the input line number, which is usually displayed |
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899 in the primary prompt string. |
| 3294 | 900 |
|
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901 The second and third lines of the error message indicate that the error |
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902 occurred within the function @code{f}. If the function @code{f} had been |
|
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903 called from within another function, for example, @code{g}, the list of |
|
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904 errors would have ended with one more line: |
| 3294 | 905 |
| 906 @example | |
|
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907 error: g at line 1, column 17 |
| 3294 | 908 @end example |
| 909 | |
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910 These lists of function calls make it fairly easy to trace the |
| 3294 | 911 path your program took before the error occurred, and to correct the |
| 912 error before trying again. | |
| 913 | |
| 4167 | 914 @node Executable Octave Programs |
| 3294 | 915 @section Executable Octave Programs |
| 916 @cindex executable scripts | |
| 917 @cindex scripts | |
|
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918 @cindex batch processing |
| 3294 | 919 @cindex self contained programs |
| 920 @cindex program, self contained | |
| 921 @cindex @samp{#!} | |
| 922 | |
| 923 Once you have learned Octave, you may want to write self-contained | |
| 924 Octave scripts, using the @samp{#!} script mechanism. You can do this | |
| 925 on GNU systems and on many Unix systems @footnote{The @samp{#!} | |
| 926 mechanism works on Unix systems derived from Berkeley Unix, System V | |
| 6481 | 927 Release 4, and some System V Release 3 systems.}. |
| 928 | |
| 929 Self-contained Octave scripts are useful when you want to write a | |
| 930 program which users can invoke without knowing that the program is | |
|
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931 written in the Octave language. Octave scripts are also used for batch |
|
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932 processing of data files. Once an algorithm has been developed and tested |
|
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933 in the interactive portion of Octave, it can be committed to an executable |
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934 script and used again and again on new data files. |
| 3294 | 935 |
|
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936 As a trivial example of an executable Octave script, you might create a |
|
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937 text file named @file{hello}, containing the following lines: |
| 3294 | 938 |
| 939 @example | |
| 940 @group | |
| 941 #! @var{octave-interpreter-name} -qf | |
| 942 # a sample Octave program | |
| 943 printf ("Hello, world!\n"); | |
| 944 @end group | |
| 945 @end example | |
| 946 | |
| 947 @noindent | |
| 948 (where @var{octave-interpreter-name} should be replaced with the full | |
|
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949 path and name of your Octave binary). Note that this will only work if |
|
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950 @samp{#!} appears at the very beginning of the file. After making the |
|
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951 file executable (with the @code{chmod} command on Unix systems), you can |
|
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952 simply type: |
| 3294 | 953 |
| 954 @example | |
| 955 hello | |
| 956 @end example | |
| 957 | |
| 958 @noindent | |
| 959 at the shell, and the system will arrange to run Octave as if you had | |
| 960 typed: | |
| 961 | |
| 962 @example | |
| 963 octave hello | |
| 964 @end example | |
| 965 | |
|
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966 The line beginning with @samp{#!} lists the full path and filename of an |
| 3294 | 967 interpreter to be run, and an optional initial command line argument to |
| 968 pass to that interpreter. The operating system then runs the | |
| 969 interpreter with the given argument and the full argument list of the | |
| 970 executed program. The first argument in the list is the full file name | |
|
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971 of the Octave executable. The rest of the argument list will either be |
|
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972 options to Octave, or data files, or both. The @samp{-qf} options are |
| 3294 | 973 usually specified in stand-alone Octave programs to prevent them from |
| 974 printing the normal startup message, and to keep them from behaving | |
| 975 differently depending on the contents of a particular user's | |
| 6620 | 976 @file{~/.octaverc} file. @xref{Invoking Octave from the Command Line}. |
| 6481 | 977 |
| 978 Note that some operating systems may place a limit on the number of | |
|
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979 characters that are recognized after @samp{#!}. Also, the arguments |
|
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980 appearing in a @samp{#!} line are parsed differently by various |
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|
981 shells/systems. The majority of them group all the arguments together in one |
|
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982 string and pass it to the interpreter as a single argument. In this case, the |
| 6481 | 983 following script: |
| 984 | |
| 985 @example | |
| 986 @group | |
| 987 #! @var{octave-interpreter-name} -q -f # comment | |
| 988 @end group | |
| 989 @end example | |
| 990 | |
| 991 @noindent | |
|
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992 is equivalent to typing at the command line: |
| 3294 | 993 |
| 6481 | 994 @example |
| 995 @group | |
| 996 octave "-q -f # comment" | |
| 997 @end group | |
| 998 @end example | |
| 3294 | 999 |
| 6481 | 1000 @noindent |
|
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1001 which will produce an error message. Unfortunately, it is |
|
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1002 not possible for Octave to determine whether it has been called from the |
|
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1003 command line or from a @samp{#!} script, so some care is needed when using the |
| 6481 | 1004 @samp{#!} mechanism. |
| 1005 | |
| 1006 Note that when Octave is started from an executable script, the built-in | |
| 1007 function @code{argv} returns a cell array containing the command line | |
|
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1008 arguments passed to the executable Octave script, not the arguments |
| 6481 | 1009 passed to the Octave interpreter on the @samp{#!} line of the script. |
| 1010 For example, the following program will reproduce the command line that | |
|
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1011 was used to execute the script, not @samp{-qf}. |
| 3294 | 1012 |
| 1013 @example | |
| 1014 @group | |
| 1015 #! /bin/octave -qf | |
| 6479 | 1016 printf ("%s", program_name ()); |
| 6620 | 1017 arg_list = argv (); |
| 3294 | 1018 for i = 1:nargin |
| 6479 | 1019 printf (" %s", arg_list@{i@}); |
| 3294 | 1020 endfor |
| 1021 printf ("\n"); | |
| 1022 @end group | |
| 1023 @end example | |
| 1024 | |
| 4167 | 1025 @node Comments |
| 3294 | 1026 @section Comments in Octave Programs |
| 1027 @cindex comments | |
| 1028 @cindex use of comments | |
| 1029 @cindex documenting Octave programs | |
| 1030 | |
| 1031 A @dfn{comment} is some text that is included in a program for the sake | |
|
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1032 of human readers, and which is NOT an executable part of the program. |
|
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1033 Comments can explain what the program does, and how it works. Nearly all |
| 3294 | 1034 programming languages have provisions for comments, because programs are |
| 1035 typically hard to understand without them. | |
| 1036 | |
|
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1037 @menu |
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1038 * Single Line Comments:: |
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1039 * Block Comments:: |
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1040 * Comments and the Help System:: |
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1041 @end menu |
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1042 |
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1043 @node Single Line Comments |
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1044 @subsection Single Line Comments |
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1045 @cindex @samp{#} |
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1046 @cindex @samp{%} |
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1047 |
| 3294 | 1048 In the Octave language, a comment starts with either the sharp sign |
| 1049 character, @samp{#}, or the percent symbol @samp{%} and continues to the | |
|
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1050 end of the line. Any text following the sharp sign or percent symbol is |
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1051 ignored by the Octave interpreter and not executed. The following example |
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1052 shows whole line and partial line comments. |
|
10828
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1053 |
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1054 @example |
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1055 @group |
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1056 function countdown |
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1057 # Count down for main rocket engines |
|
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1058 disp (3); |
|
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1059 disp (2); |
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1060 disp (1); |
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1061 disp ("Blast Off!"); # Rocket leaves pad |
|
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1062 endfunction |
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1063 @end group |
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1064 @end example |
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1065 |
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1066 @node Block Comments |
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1067 @subsection Block Comments |
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1068 @cindex block comments |
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1069 @cindex multi-line comments |
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1070 @cindex @samp{#@{} |
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1071 @cindex @samp{%@{} |
| 3294 | 1072 |
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1073 Entire blocks of code can be commented by enclosing the code between |
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1074 matching @samp{#@{} and @samp{#@}} or @samp{%@{} and @samp{%@}} markers. |
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1075 For example, |
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1076 |
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1077 @example |
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1078 @group |
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1079 function quick_countdown |
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1080 # Count down for main rocket engines |
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1081 disp (3); |
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1082 #@{ |
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1083 disp (2); |
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1084 disp (1); |
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1085 #@} |
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1086 disp ("Blast Off!"); # Rocket leaves pad |
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1087 endfunction |
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1088 @end group |
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1089 @end example |
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1090 |
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1091 @noindent |
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1092 will produce a very quick countdown from '3' to 'Blast Off' as the |
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1093 lines "@code{disp (2);}" and "@code{disp (1);}" won't be executed. |
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1094 |
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1095 The block comment markers must appear alone as the only characters on a line |
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1096 (excepting whitespace) in order to be parsed correctly. |
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1097 |
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1098 @node Comments and the Help System |
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1099 @subsection Comments and the Help System |
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1100 @cindex documenting functions |
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1101 @cindex documenting user scripts |
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1102 @cindex help, user-defined functions |
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1103 |
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1104 The @code{help} command (@pxref{Getting Help}) is able to find the first |
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1105 block of comments in a function and return those as a documentation |
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1106 string. This means that the same commands used to get help |
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1107 on built-in functions are available for properly formatted user-defined |
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1108 functions. For example, after defining the function @code{f} below, |
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1109 |
| 3294 | 1110 @example |
| 1111 @group | |
| 1112 function xdot = f (x, t) | |
| 1113 | |
| 1114 # usage: f (x, t) | |
| 1115 # | |
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1116 # This function defines the right-hand |
| 3294 | 1117 # side functions for a set of nonlinear |
| 1118 # differential equations. | |
| 1119 | |
| 1120 r = 0.25; | |
| 1121 @dots{} | |
| 1122 endfunction | |
| 1123 @end group | |
| 1124 @end example | |
| 1125 | |
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1126 @noindent |
| 3294 | 1127 the command @kbd{help f} produces the output |
| 1128 | |
| 1129 @example | |
| 1130 @group | |
| 1131 usage: f (x, t) | |
| 1132 | |
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1133 This function defines the right-hand |
| 3294 | 1134 side functions for a set of nonlinear |
| 1135 differential equations. | |
| 1136 @end group | |
| 1137 @end example | |
| 1138 | |
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1139 Although it is possible to put comment lines into keyboard-composed, |
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1140 throw-away Octave programs, it usually isn't very useful because the |
| 3294 | 1141 purpose of a comment is to help you or another person understand the |
| 1142 program at a later time. | |
| 1143 | |
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1144 The @code{help} parser currently only recognizes single line comments |
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1145 (@pxref{Single Line Comments}) and not block comments for the initial |
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1146 help text. |