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doc: Final grammarcheck and spellcheck before 3.6.0 release. * container.txi, aspell-octave.en.pws, expr.txi, vectorize.txi, accumarray.m, accumdim.m, interpft.m, strread.m, parseparams.m, warning_ids.m, cellfun.cc, help.cc: grammarcheck and spellcheck docstrings.
author Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com>
date Thu, 29 Dec 2011 06:05:00 -0800
parents b0cdd60db5e5
children 72c96de7a403
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fd0a3ac60b0e update copyright notices
John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org>
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1 @c Copyright (C) 1996-2011 John W. Eaton
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2 @c
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3 @c This file is part of Octave.
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4 @c
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5 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
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7 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at
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8 @c your option) any later version.
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9 @c
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10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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11 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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12 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
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13 @c for more details.
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14 @c
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15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see
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17 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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18
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19 @node Debugging
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20 @chapter Debugging
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21
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22 Octave includes a built-in debugger to aid in the development of
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23 scripts. This can be used to interrupt the execution of an Octave script
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24 at a certain point, or when certain conditions are met. Once execution
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25 has stopped, and debug mode is entered, the symbol table at the point
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26 where execution has stopped can be examined and modified to check for
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27 errors.
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28
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29 The normal command-line editing and history functions are available in
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30 debug mode.
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31
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32 @menu
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33 * Entering Debug Mode::
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34 * Leaving Debug Mode::
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35 * Breakpoints::
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36 * Debug Mode::
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37 * Call Stack::
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38 * Profiling::
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39 * Profiler Example::
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40 @end menu
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41
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42 @node Entering Debug Mode
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43 @section Entering Debug Mode
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44
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45 There are two basic means of interrupting the execution of an Octave
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46 script. These are breakpoints @pxref{Breakpoints}, discussed in the next
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47 section and interruption based on some condition.
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48
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49 Octave supports three means to stop execution based on the values set in
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50 the functions @code{debug_on_interrupt}, @code{debug_on_warning} and
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51 @code{debug_on_error}.
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52
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53 @DOCSTRING(debug_on_interrupt)
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54
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55 @DOCSTRING(debug_on_warning)
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56
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57 @DOCSTRING(debug_on_error)
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58
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59 @node Leaving Debug Mode
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60 @section Leaving Debug Mode
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61
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62 To leave the debug mode, use either @code{dbcont}
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63 or @code{return}.
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64
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65 @DOCSTRING(dbcont)
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66
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67 To quit debug mode and return directly to the prompt @code{dbquit}
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68 should be used instead
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69
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70 @DOCSTRING(dbquit)
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71
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72 Finally, typing @code{exit} or @code{quit} at the debug prompt will
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73 result in Octave terminating normally.
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74
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75 @node Breakpoints
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76 @section Breakpoints
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77
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78 Breakpoints can be set in any Octave function, using the @code{dbstop}
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79 function.
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80
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81 @DOCSTRING(dbstop)
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82
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83 @noindent
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84 Note that breakpoints cannot be set in built-in functions
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85 (e.g., @code{sin}, etc.) or dynamically loaded function (i.e., oct-files). To
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86 set a breakpoint immediately on entering a function, the breakpoint
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87 should be set to line 1. The leading comment block will be ignored and
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88 the breakpoint will be set to the first executable statement in the
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89 function. For example:
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90
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91 @example
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92 @group
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93 dbstop ("asind", 1)
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94 @result{} 28
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95 @end group
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96 @end example
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97
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98 @noindent
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99 Note that the return value of @code{27} means that the breakpoint was
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100 effectively set to line 27. The status of breakpoints in a function can
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101 be queried with the @code{dbstatus} function.
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102
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103 @DOCSTRING(dbstatus)
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104
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105 @noindent
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106 Taking the above as an example, @code{dbstatus ("asind")} should return
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107 28. The breakpoints can then be cleared with the @code{dbclear} function
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108
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109 @DOCSTRING(dbclear)
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110
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111 @noindent
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112 These functions can be used to clear all the breakpoints in a function. For
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113 example:
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114
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115 @example
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116 dbclear ("asind", dbstatus ("asind"));
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117 @end example
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118
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119 A breakpoint can be set in a subfunction. For example if a file contains
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120 the functions
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121
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122 @example
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123 @group
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124 function y = func1 (x)
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125 y = func2 (x);
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126 endfunction
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127 function y = func2 (x)
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128 y = x + 1;
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129 endfunction
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130 @end group
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131 @end example
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132
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133 @noindent
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134 then a breakpoint can be set at the start of the subfunction directly
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135 with
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136
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137 @example
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138 @group
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139 dbstop (["func1", filemarker(), "func2"])
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140 @result{} 5
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141 @end group
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142 @end example
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143
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144 Note that @code{filemarker} returns a character that marks the
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145 subfunctions from the file containing them.
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146
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147 Another simple way of setting a breakpoint in an Octave script is the
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148 use of the @code{keyboard} function.
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149
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150 @DOCSTRING(keyboard)
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151
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152 @noindent
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153 The @code{keyboard} function is typically placed in a script at the
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154 point where the user desires that the execution is stopped. It
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155 automatically sets the running script into the debug mode.
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156
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157 @node Debug Mode
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158 @section Debug Mode
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159
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160 There are two additional support functions that allow the user to
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161 interrogate where in the execution of a script Octave entered the debug
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162 mode and to print the code in the script surrounding the point where
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163 Octave entered debug mode.
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164
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165 @DOCSTRING(dbwhere)
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166
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167 @DOCSTRING(dbtype)
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168
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169 You may also use @code{isdebugmode} to determine whether the debugger is
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170 currently active.
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171
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172 @DOCSTRING(isdebugmode)
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173
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174 Debug mode also allows single line stepping through a function using
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175 the commands @code{dbstep}.
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176
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177 @DOCSTRING(dbstep)
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178
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179 @node Call Stack
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180 @section Call Stack
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181
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182 @DOCSTRING(dbstack)
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183
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184 @DOCSTRING(dbup)
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185
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186 @DOCSTRING(dbdown)
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187
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188 @node Profiling
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189 @section Profiling
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190 @cindex profiler
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191 @cindex code profiling
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192
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193 Octave supports profiling of code execution on a per-function level. If
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194 profiling is enabled, each call to a function (supporting built-ins,
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195 operators, functions in oct- and mex-files, user-defined functions in
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196 Octave code and anonymous functions) is recorded while running Octave
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197 code. After that, this data can aid in analyzing the code behavior, and
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198 is in particular helpful for finding ``hot spots'' in the code which use
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199 up a lot of computation time and are the best targets to spend
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200 optimization efforts on.
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201
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202 The main command for profiling is @code{profile}, which can be used to
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203 start or stop the profiler and also to query collected data afterwards.
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204 The data is returned in an Octave data structure which can then be
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205 examined or further processed by other routines or tools.
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206
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207 @DOCSTRING(profile)
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208
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209 An easy way to get an overview over the collected data is
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210 @code{profshow}. This function takes the profiler data returned by
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211 @code{profile} as input and prints a flat profile, for instance:
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212
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213 @example
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214 @group
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215 Function Attr Time (s) Calls
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216 ----------------------------------------
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217 >myfib R 2.195 13529
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218 binary <= 0.061 13529
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219 binary - 0.050 13528
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220 binary + 0.026 6764
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221 @end group
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222 @end example
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223
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224 This shows that most of the run time was spent executing the function
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225 @samp{myfib}, and some minor proportion evaluating the listed binary
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226 operators. Furthermore, it is shown how often the function was called
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227 and the profiler also records that it is recursive.
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228
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229 @DOCSTRING(profshow)
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230
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231 @DOCSTRING(profexplore)
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232
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233 @node Profiler Example
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234 @section Profiler Example
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235
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236 Below, we will give a short example of a profiler session. See also
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237 @ref{Profiling} for the documentation of the profiler functions in
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238 detail. Consider the code:
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239
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240 @example
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241 global N A;
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242
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243 N = 300;
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244 A = rand (N, N);
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245
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246 function xt = timesteps (steps, x0, expM)
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247 global N;
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248
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249 if (steps == 0)
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250 xt = NA (N, 0);
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251 else
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252 xt = NA (N, steps);
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253 x1 = expM * x0;
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254 xt(:, 1) = x1;
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255 xt(:, 2 : end) = timesteps (steps - 1, x1, expM);
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256 endif
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257 endfunction
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258
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259 function foo ()
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260 global N A;
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261
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262 initial = @@(x) sin (x);
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263 x0 = (initial (linspace (0, 2 * pi, N)))';
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264
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265 expA = expm (A);
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266 xt = timesteps (100, x0, expA);
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267 endfunction
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268
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269 function fib = bar (N)
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270 if (N <= 2)
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271 fib = 1;
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272 else
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273 fib = bar (N - 1) + bar (N - 2);
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274 endif
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275 endfunction
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276 @end example
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277
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278 If we execute the two main functions, we get:
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279
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280 @example
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281 @group
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282 tic; foo; toc;
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283 @result{} Elapsed time is 2.37338 seconds.
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284
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285 tic; bar (20); toc;
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286 @result{} Elapsed time is 2.04952 seconds.
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287 @end group
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288 @end example
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289
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290 But this does not give much information about where this time is spent;
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291 for instance, whether the single call to @code{expm} is more expensive
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292 or the recursive time-stepping itself. To get a more detailed picture,
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293 we can use the profiler.
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294
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295 @example
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296 @group
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297 profile on;
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298 foo;
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299 profile off;
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300
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301 data = profile ('info');
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302 profshow (data, 10);
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303 @end group
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304 @end example
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305
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306 This prints a table like:
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307
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308 @example
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309 @group
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310 # Function Attr Time (s) Calls
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311 ---------------------------------------------
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312 7 expm 1.034 1
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313 3 binary * 0.823 117
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314 41 binary \ 0.188 1
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315 38 binary ^ 0.126 2
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316 43 timesteps R 0.111 101
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317 44 NA 0.029 101
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318 39 binary + 0.024 8
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319 34 norm 0.011 1
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320 40 binary - 0.004 101
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321 33 balance 0.003 1
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322 @end group
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323 @end example
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324
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325 The entries are the individual functions which have been executed (only
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326 the 10 most important ones), together with some information for each of
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327 them. The entries like @samp{binary *} denote operators, while other
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328 entries are ordinary functions. They include both built-ins like
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329 @code{expm} and our own routines (for instance @code{timesteps}). From
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330 this profile, we can immediately deduce that @code{expm} uses up the
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331 largest proportion of the processing time, even though it is only called
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332 once. The second expensive operation is the matrix-vector product in the
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333 routine @code{timesteps}. @footnote{We only know it is the binary
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334 multiplication operator, but fortunately this operator appears only at
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335 one place in the code and thus we know which occurrence takes so much
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336 time. If there were multiple places, we would have to use the
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337 hierarchical profile to find out the exact place which uses up the time
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338 which is not covered in this example.}
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339
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340 Timing, however, is not the only information available from the profile.
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341 The attribute column shows us that @code{timesteps} calls itself
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342 recursively. This may not be that remarkable in this example (since it's
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343 clear anyway), but could be helpful in a more complex setting. As to the
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344 question of why is there a @samp{binary \} in the output, we can easily
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345 shed some light on that too. Note that @code{data} is a structure array
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346 (@ref{Structure Arrays}) which contains the field @code{FunctionTable}.
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347 This stores the raw data for the profile shown. The number in the first
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348 column of the table gives the index under which the shown function can
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349 be found there. Looking up @code{data.FunctionTable(41)} gives:
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350
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351 @example
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352 @group
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353 scalar structure containing the fields:
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354
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355 FunctionName = binary \
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356 TotalTime = 0.18765
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357 NumCalls = 1
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358 IsRecursive = 0
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359 Parents = 7
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360 Children = [](1x0)
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361 @end group
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362 @end example
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363
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364 Here we see the information from the table again, but have additional
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365 fields @code{Parents} and @code{Children}. Those are both arrays, which
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366 contain the indices of functions which have directly called the function
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367 in question (which is entry 7, @code{expm}, in this case) or been called
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368 by it (no functions). Hence, the backslash operator has been used
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369 internally by @code{expm}.
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370
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371 Now let's take a look at @code{bar}. For this, we start a fresh
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372 profiling session (@code{profile on} does this; the old data is removed
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373 before the profiler is restarted):
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374
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375 @example
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376 @group
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377 profile on;
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378 bar (20);
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379 profile off;
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380
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381 profshow (profile ('info'));
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382 @end group
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383 @end example
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384
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385 This gives:
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386
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387 @example
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388 @group
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389 # Function Attr Time (s) Calls
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390 -------------------------------------------------------
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391 1 bar R 2.091 13529
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392 2 binary <= 0.062 13529
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393 3 binary - 0.042 13528
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394 4 binary + 0.023 6764
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395 5 profile 0.000 1
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396 8 false 0.000 1
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397 6 nargin 0.000 1
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398 7 binary != 0.000 1
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399 9 __profiler_enable__ 0.000 1
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400 @end group
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401 @end example
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402
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403 Unsurprisingly, @code{bar} is also recursive. It has been called 13,529
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404 times in the course of recursively calculating the Fibonacci number in a
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405 suboptimal way, and most of the time was spent in @code{bar} itself.
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406
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407 Finally, let's say we want to profile the execution of both @code{foo}
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408 and @code{bar} together. Since we already have the run-time data
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409 collected for @code{bar}, we can restart the profiler without clearing
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410 the existing data and collect the missing statistics about @code{foo}.
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411 This is done by:
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412
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413 @example
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414 @group
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415 profile resume;
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416 foo;
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417 profile off;
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418
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419 profshow (profile ('info'), 10);
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420 @end group
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421 @end example
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422
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423 As you can see in the table below, now we have both profiles mixed
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424 together.
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425
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426 @example
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427 @group
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428 # Function Attr Time (s) Calls
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429 ---------------------------------------------
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430 1 bar R 2.091 13529
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431 16 expm 1.122 1
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432 12 binary * 0.798 117
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433 46 binary \ 0.185 1
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434 45 binary ^ 0.124 2
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435 48 timesteps R 0.115 101
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436 2 binary <= 0.062 13529
fb0f40cd8752 Add an example profiler session to the manual.
Daniel Kraft <d@domob.eu>
parents: 12976
diff changeset
437 3 binary - 0.045 13629
fb0f40cd8752 Add an example profiler session to the manual.
Daniel Kraft <d@domob.eu>
parents: 12976
diff changeset
438 4 binary + 0.041 6772
fb0f40cd8752 Add an example profiler session to the manual.
Daniel Kraft <d@domob.eu>
parents: 12976
diff changeset
439 49 NA 0.036 101
12979
6a9fbeff3368 Proofread profiler documentation
Jordi Gutiérrez Hermoso <jordigh@gmail.com>
parents: 12978
diff changeset
440 @end group
12978
fb0f40cd8752 Add an example profiler session to the manual.
Daniel Kraft <d@domob.eu>
parents: 12976
diff changeset
441 @end example