annotate doc/interpreter/geometry.txi @ 10284:c3df189b1b15

more coding tips
author Jaroslav Hajek <highegg@gmail.com>
date Tue, 09 Feb 2010 11:43:03 +0100
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eb63fbe60fab update copyright notices
John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org>
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1 @c Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009 John W. Eaton and David Bateman
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2 @c
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3 @c This file is part of Octave.
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4 @c
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5 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
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7 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at
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8 @c your option) any later version.
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9 @c
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10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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11 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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12 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
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13 @c for more details.
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14 @c
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15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see
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17 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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18
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19 @node Geometry
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20 @chapter Geometry
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21
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22 Much of the geometry code in Octave is based on the Qhull
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23 library@footnote{Barber, C.B., Dobkin, D.P., and Huhdanpaa, H.T.,
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24 "The Quickhull algorithm for convex hulls," ACM Trans. on Mathematical
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25 Software, 22(4):469--483, Dec 1996, @url{http://www.qhull.org}}.
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26 Some of the documentation for Qhull, particularly for the options that
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27 can be passed to @code{delaunay}, @code{voronoi} and @code{convhull},
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28 etc., is relevant to Octave users.
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29
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30 @menu
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31 * Delaunay Triangulation::
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32 * Voronoi Diagrams::
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33 * Convex Hull::
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34 * Interpolation on Scattered Data::
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35 @end menu
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36
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37 @node Delaunay Triangulation
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38 @section Delaunay Triangulation
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39
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40 The Delaunay triangulation is constructed from a set of
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41 circum-circles. These circum-circles are chosen so that there are at
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42 least three of the points in the set to triangulation on the
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43 circumference of the circum-circle. None of the points in the set of
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44 points falls within any of the circum-circles.
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45
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46 In general there are only three points on the circumference of any
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47 circum-circle. However, in some cases, and in particular for the
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48 case of a regular grid, 4 or more points can be on a single
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49 circum-circle. In this case the Delaunay triangulation is not unique.
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50
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51 @DOCSTRING(delaunay)
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52
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53 The 3- and N-dimensional extension of the Delaunay triangulation are
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54 given by @code{delaunay3} and @code{delaunayn} respectively.
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55 @code{delaunay3} returns a set of tetrahedra that satisfy the
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56 Delaunay circum-circle criteria. Similarly, @code{delaunayn} returns the
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57 N-dimensional simplex satisfying the Delaunay circum-circle criteria.
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58 The N-dimensional extension of a triangulation is called a tessellation.
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59
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60 @DOCSTRING(delaunay3)
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61
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62 @DOCSTRING(delaunayn)
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63
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64 An example of a Delaunay triangulation of a set of points is
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65
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66 @example
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67 @group
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68 rand ("state", 2);
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69 x = rand (10, 1);
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70 y = rand (10, 1);
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71 T = delaunay (x, y);
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72 X = [ x(T(:,1)); x(T(:,2)); x(T(:,3)); x(T(:,1)) ];
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73 Y = [ y(T(:,1)); y(T(:,2)); y(T(:,3)); y(T(:,1)) ];
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74 axis ([0, 1, 0, 1]);
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75 plot(X, Y, "b", x, y, "r*");
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76 @end group
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77 @end example
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78
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79 @ifnotinfo
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80 @noindent
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81 The result of which can be seen in @ref{fig:delaunay}.
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82
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83 @float Figure,fig:delaunay
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84 @center @image{delaunay,4in}
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85 @caption{Delaunay triangulation of a random set of points}
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86 @end float
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87 @end ifnotinfo
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88
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89 @menu
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90 * Plotting the Triangulation::
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91 * Identifying points in Triangulation::
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92 @end menu
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93
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94 @node Plotting the Triangulation
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95 @subsection Plotting the Triangulation
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96
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97 Octave has the functions @code{triplot} and @code{trimesh} to plot the
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98 Delaunay triangulation of a 2-dimensional set of points.
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99
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100 @DOCSTRING(triplot)
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101
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102 @DOCSTRING(trimesh)
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103
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104 The difference between @code{triplot} and @code{trimesh} is that the
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105 former only plots the 2-dimensional triangulation itself, whereas the
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106 second plots the value of some function @code{f (@var{x}, @var{y})}.
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107 An example of the use of the @code{triplot} function is
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108
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109 @example
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110 @group
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111 rand ("state", 2)
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112 x = rand (20, 1);
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113 y = rand (20, 1);
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114 tri = delaunay (x, y);
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115 triplot (tri, x, y);
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116 @end group
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117 @end example
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118
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119 that plot the Delaunay triangulation of a set of random points in
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120 2-dimensions.
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121 @ifnotinfo
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122 The output of the above can be seen in @ref{fig:triplot}.
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123
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124 @float Figure,fig:triplot
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125 @center @image{triplot,4in}
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126 @caption{Delaunay triangulation of a random set of points}
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127 @end float
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128 @end ifnotinfo
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129
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130 @node Identifying points in Triangulation
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131 @subsection Identifying points in Triangulation
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132
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133 It is often necessary to identify whether a particular point in the
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134 N-dimensional space is within the Delaunay tessellation of a set of
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135 points in this N-dimensional space, and if so which N-simplex contains
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136 the point and which point in the tessellation is closest to the desired
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137 point. The functions @code{tsearch} and @code{dsearch} perform this
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138 function in a triangulation, and @code{tsearchn} and @code{dsearchn} in
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139 an N-dimensional tessellation.
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140
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141 To identify whether a particular point represented by a vector @var{p}
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142 falls within one of the simplices of an N-simplex, we can write the
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143 Cartesian coordinates of the point in a parametric form with respect to
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144 the N-simplex. This parametric form is called the Barycentric
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145 Coordinates of the point. If the points defining the N-simplex are given
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146 by @code{@var{N} + 1} vectors @var{t}(@var{i},:), then the Barycentric
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147 coordinates defining the point @var{p} are given by
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148
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149 @example
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150 @var{p} = sum (@var{beta}(1:@var{N}+1) * @var{t}(1:@var{N}+1),:)
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151 @end example
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152
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153 @noindent
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154 where there are @code{@var{N} + 1} values @code{@var{beta}(@var{i})}
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155 that together as a vector represent the Barycentric coordinates of the
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156 point @var{p}. To ensure a unique solution for the values of
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157 @code{@var{beta}(@var{i})} an additional criteria of
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158
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159 @example
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160 sum (@var{beta}(1:@var{N}+1)) == 1
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161 @end example
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162
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163 @noindent
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164 is imposed, and we can therefore write the above as
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165
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166 @example
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167 @group
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168 @var{p} - @var{t}(end, :) = @var{beta}(1:end-1) * (@var{t}(1:end-1, :)
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169 - ones(@var{N}, 1) * @var{t}(end, :)
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170 @end group
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171 @end example
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172
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173 @noindent
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174 Solving for @var{beta} we can then write
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175
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176 @example
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177 @group
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178 @var{beta}(1:end-1) = (@var{p} - @var{t}(end, :)) / (@var{t}(1:end-1, :)
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179 - ones(@var{N}, 1) * @var{t}(end, :))
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180 @var{beta}(end) = sum(@var{beta}(1:end-1))
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181 @end group
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182 @end example
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183
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184 @noindent
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185 which gives the formula for the conversion of the Cartesian coordinates
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186 of the point @var{p} to the Barycentric coordinates @var{beta}. An
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187 important property of the Barycentric coordinates is that for all points
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188 in the N-simplex
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189
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190 @example
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191 0 <= @var{beta}(@var{i}) <= 1
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192 @end example
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193
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194 @noindent
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195 Therefore, the test in @code{tsearch} and @code{tsearchn} essentially
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196 only needs to express each point in terms of the Barycentric coordinates
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197 of each of the simplices of the N-simplex and test the values of
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198 @var{beta}. This is exactly the implementation used in
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199 @code{tsearchn}. @code{tsearch} is optimized for 2-dimensions and the
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200 Barycentric coordinates are not explicitly formed.
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201
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202 @DOCSTRING(tsearch)
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203
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204 @DOCSTRING(tsearchn)
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205
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206 An example of the use of @code{tsearch} can be seen with the simple
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207 triangulation
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208
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209 @example
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210 @group
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211 @var{x} = [-1; -1; 1; 1];
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212 @var{y} = [-1; 1; -1; 1];
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213 @var{tri} = [1, 2, 3; 2, 3, 1];
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214 @end group
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215 @end example
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216
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217 @noindent
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218 consisting of two triangles defined by @var{tri}. We can then identify
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219 which triangle a point falls in like
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220
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221 @example
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222 @group
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223 tsearch (@var{x}, @var{y}, @var{tri}, -0.5, -0.5)
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224 @result{} 1
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225 tsearch (@var{x}, @var{y}, @var{tri}, 0.5, 0.5)
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226 @result{} 2
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227 @end group
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228 @end example
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229
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230 @noindent
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231 and we can confirm that a point doesn't lie within one of the triangles like
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232
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233 @example
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234 @group
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235 tsearch (@var{x}, @var{y}, @var{tri}, 2, 2)
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236 @result{} NaN
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237 @end group
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238 @end example
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239
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240 The @code{dsearch} and @code{dsearchn} find the closest point in a
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241 tessellation to the desired point. The desired point does not
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242 necessarily have to be in the tessellation, and even if it the returned
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243 point of the tessellation does not have to be one of the vertexes of the
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244 N-simplex within which the desired point is found.
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245
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246 @DOCSTRING(dsearch)
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247
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248 @DOCSTRING(dsearchn)
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249
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250 An example of the use of @code{dsearch}, using the above values of
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251 @var{x}, @var{y} and @var{tri} is
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252
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253 @example
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254 @group
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255 dsearch (@var{x}, @var{y}, @var{tri}, -2, -2)
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256 @result{} 1
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257 @end group
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258 @end example
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259
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260 If you wish the points that are outside the tessellation to be flagged,
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261 then @code{dsearchn} can be used as
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262
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263 @example
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264 @group
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265 dsearchn ([@var{x}, @var{y}], @var{tri}, [-2, -2], NaN)
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266 @result{} NaN
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267 dsearchn ([@var{x}, @var{y}], @var{tri}, [-0.5, -0.5], NaN)
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268 @result{} 1
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269 @end group
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270 @end example
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271
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272 @noindent
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273 where the point outside the tessellation are then flagged with @code{NaN}.
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274
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275 @node Voronoi Diagrams
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276 @section Voronoi Diagrams
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277
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278 A Voronoi diagram or Voronoi tessellation of a set of points @var{s} in
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279 an N-dimensional space, is the tessellation of the N-dimensional space
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280 such that all points in @code{@var{v}(@var{p})}, a partitions of the
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281 tessellation where @var{p} is a member of @var{s}, are closer to @var{p}
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282 than any other point in @var{s}. The Voronoi diagram is related to the
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283 Delaunay triangulation of a set of points, in that the vertexes of the
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284 Voronoi tessellation are the centers of the circum-circles of the
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285 simplicies of the Delaunay tessellation.
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286
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287 @DOCSTRING(voronoi)
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288
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289 @DOCSTRING(voronoin)
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290
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291 An example of the use of @code{voronoi} is
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292
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293 @example
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294 @group
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295 rand("state",9);
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296 x = rand(10,1);
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297 y = rand(10,1);
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298 tri = delaunay (x, y);
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299 [vx, vy] = voronoi (x, y, tri);
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300 triplot (tri, x, y, "b");
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301 hold on;
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302 plot (vx, vy, "r");
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303 @end group
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304 @end example
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305
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306 @ifnotinfo
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307 @noindent
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308 The result of which can be seen in @ref{fig:voronoi}. Note that the
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309 circum-circle of one of the triangles has been added to this figure, to
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310 make the relationship between the Delaunay tessellation and the Voronoi
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311 diagram clearer.
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312
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313 @float Figure,fig:voronoi
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314 @center @image{voronoi,4in}
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315 @caption{Delaunay triangulation and Voronoi diagram of a random set of points}
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316 @end float
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317 @end ifnotinfo
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318
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319 Additional information about the size of the facets of a Voronoi
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320 diagram, and which points of a set of points is in a polygon can be had
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321 with the @code{polyarea} and @code{inpolygon} functions respectively.
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322
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323 @DOCSTRING(polyarea)
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324
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325 An example of the use of @code{polyarea} might be
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326
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327 @example
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328 @group
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329 rand ("state", 2);
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330 x = rand (10, 1);
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331 y = rand (10, 1);
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332 [c, f] = voronoin ([x, y]);
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333 af = zeros (size(f));
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334 for i = 1 : length (f)
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335 af(i) = polyarea (c (f @{i, :@}, 1), c (f @{i, :@}, 2));
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336 endfor
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337 @end group
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338 @end example
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339
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340 Facets of the Voronoi diagram with a vertex at infinity have infinity
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341 area. A simplified version of @code{polyarea} for rectangles is
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342 available with @code{rectint}
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343
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344 @DOCSTRING(rectint)
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345
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346 @DOCSTRING(inpolygon)
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347
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348 An example of the use of @code{inpolygon} might be
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349
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350 @example
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351 @group
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352 randn ("state", 2);
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353 x = randn (100, 1);
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354 y = randn (100, 1);
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355 vx = cos (pi * [-1 : 0.1: 1]);
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356 vy = sin (pi * [-1 : 0.1 : 1]);
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357 in = inpolygon (x, y, vx, vy);
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358 plot(vx, vy, x(in), y(in), "r+", x(!in), y(!in), "bo");
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359 axis ([-2, 2, -2, 2]);
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360 @end group
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361 @end example
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362
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363 @ifnotinfo
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364 @noindent
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365 The result of which can be seen in @ref{fig:inpolygon}.
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366
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367 @float Figure,fig:inpolygon
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368 @center @image{inpolygon,4in}
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369 @caption{Demonstration of the @code{inpolygon} function to determine the
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370 points inside a polygon}
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371 @end float
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372 @end ifnotinfo
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373
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374 @node Convex Hull
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375 @section Convex Hull
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376
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377 The convex hull of a set of points is the minimum convex envelope
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378 containing all of the points. Octave has the functions @code{convhull}
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379 and @code{convhulln} to calculate the convex hull of 2-dimensional and
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380 N-dimensional sets of points.
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381
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382 @DOCSTRING(convhull)
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383
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384 @DOCSTRING(convhulln)
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385
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386 An example of the use of @code{convhull} is
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387
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388 @example
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389 @group
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390 x = -3:0.05:3;
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391 y = abs (sin (x));
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392 k = convhull (x, y);
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393 plot (x(k), y(k), "r-", x, y, "b+");
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394 axis ([-3.05, 3.05, -0.05, 1.05]);
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395 @end group
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396 @end example
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397
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398 @ifnotinfo
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399 @noindent
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400 The output of the above can be seen in @ref{fig:convhull}.
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401
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402 @float Figure,fig:convhull
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403 @center @image{convhull,4in}
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404 @caption{The convex hull of a simple set of points}
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405 @end float
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406 @end ifnotinfo
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407
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408 @node Interpolation on Scattered Data
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409 @section Interpolation on Scattered Data
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410
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411 An important use of the Delaunay tessellation is that it can be used to
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412 interpolate from scattered data to an arbitrary set of points. To do
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413 this the N-simplex of the known set of points is calculated with
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414 @code{delaunay}, @code{delaunay3} or @code{delaunayn}. Then the
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415 simplicies in to which the desired points are found are
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416 identified. Finally the vertices of the simplicies are used to
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417 interpolate to the desired points. The functions that perform this
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418 interpolation are @code{griddata}, @code{griddata3} and
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419 @code{griddatan}.
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420
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421 @DOCSTRING(griddata)
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422
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423 @DOCSTRING(griddata3)
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424
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425 @DOCSTRING(griddatan)
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426
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427 An example of the use of the @code{griddata} function is
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428
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429 @example
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430 @group
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431 rand("state",1);
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432 x=2*rand(1000,1)-1;
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433 y=2*rand(size(x))-1;
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434 z=sin(2*(x.^2+y.^2));
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435 [xx,yy]=meshgrid(linspace(-1,1,32));
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436 griddata(x,y,z,xx,yy);
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437 @end group
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438 @end example
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439
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440 @noindent
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441 that interpolates from a random scattering of points, to a uniform
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442 grid.
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443 @ifnotinfo
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444 The output of the above can be seen in @ref{fig:griddata}.
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445
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446 @float Figure,fig:griddata
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77e71f3da3d6 Fix documentation image printing under new development code
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447 @center @image{griddata,4in}
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448 @caption{Interpolation from a scattered data to a regular grid}
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449 @end float
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450 @end ifnotinfo