## Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
##               2008, 2009 Kurt Hornik
##
## This file is part of Octave.
##
## Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
## under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
## the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at
## your option) any later version.
##
## Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
## WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
## General Public License for more details.
##
## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
## along with Octave; see the file COPYING.  If not, see
## <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

## -*- texinfo -*-
## @deftypefn {Function File} {} diff (@var{x}, @var{k}, @var{dim})
## If @var{x} is a vector of length @var{n}, @code{diff (@var{x})} is the
## vector of first differences
## @iftex
## @tex
##  $x_2 - x_1, \ldots{}, x_n - x_{n-1}$.
## @end tex
## @end iftex
## @ifnottex
##  @var{x}(2) - @var{x}(1), @dots{}, @var{x}(n) - @var{x}(n-1).
## @end ifnottex
##
## If @var{x} is a matrix, @code{diff (@var{x})} is the matrix of column
## differences along the first non-singleton dimension.
##
## The second argument is optional.  If supplied, @code{diff (@var{x},
## @var{k})}, where @var{k} is a nonnegative integer, returns the
## @var{k}-th differences.  It is possible that @var{k} is larger than
## then first non-singleton dimension of the matrix.  In this case,
## @code{diff} continues to take the differences along the next
## non-singleton dimension.
##
## The dimension along which to take the difference can be explicitly
## stated with the optional variable @var{dim}.  In this case the 
## @var{k}-th order differences are calculated along this dimension.
## In the case where @var{k} exceeds @code{size (@var{x}, @var{dim})}
## then an empty matrix is returned.
## @end deftypefn

## Author: KH <Kurt.Hornik@wu-wien.ac.at>
## Created: 2 February 1995
## Adapted-By: jwe

function x = diff (x, k, dim)

  if (nargin < 1 || nargin > 3)
    print_usage ();
  endif

  if (nargin < 2 || isempty(k))
    k = 1;
  else
    if (! (isscalar (k) && k == round (k) && k >= 0))
      error ("diff: k must be a nonnegative integer");
    elseif (k == 0)
      return;
    endif
  endif

  nd = ndims (x);
  sz = size (x);
  if (nargin != 3)
    %% Find the first non-singleton dimension
    dim  = 1;
    while (dim < nd + 1 && sz (dim) == 1)
      dim = dim + 1;
    endwhile
    if (dim > nd)
      dim = 1;
    endif
  else
    if (! (isscalar (dim) && dim == round (dim)) && dim > 0 && 
	dim < (nd + 1))
      error ("diff: dim must be an integer and valid dimension");
    endif
  endif

  if (ischar (x))
    error ("diff: symbolic differentiation not (yet) supported");
  endif


  if (nargin == 3)
    if (sz (dim) <= k)
      sz(dim) = 0;
      x = zeros (sz);
    else
      n = sz (dim);
      idx1 = cell ();
      for i = 1:nd
	idx1{i} = 1:sz(i);
      endfor
      idx2 = idx1;
      for i = 1 : k;
	idx1{dim} = 2 : (n - i + 1);	
	idx2{dim} = 1 : (n - i);	
	x = x(idx1{:}) - x(idx2{:});
      endfor
    endif
  else
    if (sum (sz - 1) < k)
      x = [];
    else
      idx1 = cell ();
      for i = 1:nd
	idx1{i} = 1:sz(i);
      endfor
      idx2 = idx1;
      while (k)
	n = sz (dim);
	for i = 1 : min (k, n - 1)
	  idx1{dim} = 2 : (n - i + 1);	
	  idx2{dim} = 1 : (n - i);	
	  x = x(idx1{:}) - x(idx2{:});
	endfor
	idx1{dim} = idx2{dim} = 1;
	k = k - min (k, n - 1);
	dim = dim + 1;
      endwhile
    endif
  endif

endfunction

%!assert((diff ([1, 2, 3, 4]) == [1, 1, 1]
%! && diff ([1, 3, 7, 19], 2) == [2, 8]
%! && diff ([1, 2; 5, 4; 8, 7; 9, 6; 3, 1]) == [4, 2; 3, 3; 1, -1; -6, -5]
%! && diff ([1, 2; 5, 4; 8, 7; 9, 6; 3, 1], 3) == [-1, -5; -5, 0]
%! && isempty (diff (1))));

%!error diff ([1, 2; 3, 4], -1);

%!error diff ("foo");

%!error diff ();

%!error diff (1, 2, 3, 4);