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1 @c Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 John W. Eaton |
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2 @c This is part of the Octave manual. |
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3 @c For copying conditions, see the file gpl.texi. |
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4 |
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5 @node Variables |
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6 @chapter Variables |
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7 @cindex variables, user-defined |
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8 @cindex user-defined variables |
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9 |
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10 Variables let you give names to values and refer to them later. You have |
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11 already seen variables in many of the examples. The name of a variable |
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12 must be a sequence of letters, digits and underscores, but it may not begin |
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13 with a digit. Octave does not enforce a limit on the length of variable |
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14 names, but it is seldom useful to have variables with names longer than |
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15 about 30 characters. The following are all valid variable names |
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16 |
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17 @cindex job hunting |
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18 @cindex getting a good job |
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19 @cindex flying high and fast |
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20 @example |
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21 @group |
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22 x |
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23 x15 |
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24 __foo_bar_baz__ |
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25 fucnrdthsucngtagdjb |
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26 @end group |
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27 @end example |
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28 |
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29 @noindent |
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30 However, names like @code{__foo_bar_baz__} that begin and end with two |
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31 underscores are understood to be reserved for internal use by Octave. |
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32 You should not use them in code you write, except to access Octave's |
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33 documented internal variables and built-in symbolic constants. |
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34 |
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35 Case is significant in variable names. The symbols @code{a} and |
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36 @code{A} are distinct variables. |
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37 |
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38 A variable name is a valid expression by itself. It represents the |
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39 variable's current value. Variables are given new values with |
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40 @dfn{assignment operators} and @dfn{increment operators}. |
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41 @xref{Assignment Ops, ,Assignment Expressions}. |
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42 |
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43 A number of variables have special built-in meanings. For example, |
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44 @code{ans} holds the current working directory, and @code{pi} names the |
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45 ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. @xref{Summary of |
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46 Built-in Variables}, for a list of all the predefined variables. Some |
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47 of these built-in symbols are constants and may not be changed. Others |
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48 can be used and assigned just like all other variables, but their values |
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49 are also used or changed automatically by Octave. |
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50 |
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51 Variables in Octave do not have fixed types, so it is possible to first |
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52 store a numeric value in a variable and then to later use the same name |
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53 to hold a string value in the same program. Variables may not be used |
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54 before they have been given a value. Doing so results in an error. |
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55 |
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56 @menu |
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57 * Global Variables:: |
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58 * Status of Variables:: |
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59 * Summary of Built-in Variables:: |
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60 * Defaults from the Environment:: |
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61 @end menu |
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62 |
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63 @node Global Variables |
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64 @section Global Variables |
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65 @cindex global variables |
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66 @cindex @code{global} statement |
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67 @cindex variables, global |
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68 |
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69 A variable that has been declared @dfn{global} may be accessed from |
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70 within a function body without having to pass it as a formal parameter. |
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71 |
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72 A variable may be declared global using a @code{global} declaration |
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73 statement. The following statements are all global declarations. |
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74 |
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75 @example |
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76 @group |
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77 global a |
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78 global b = 2 |
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79 global c = 3, d, e = 5 |
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80 @end group |
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81 @end example |
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82 |
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83 It is necessary declare a variable as global within a function body in |
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84 order to access it. For example, |
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85 |
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86 @example |
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87 @group |
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88 global x |
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89 function f () |
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90 x = 1; |
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91 endfunction |
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92 f () |
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93 @end group |
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94 @end example |
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95 |
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96 @noindent |
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97 does @emph{not} set the value of the global variable @code{x} to 1. In |
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98 order to change the value of the global variable @code{x}, you must also |
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99 declare it to be global within the function body, like this |
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100 |
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101 @example |
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102 @group |
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103 function f () |
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104 global x; |
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105 x = 1; |
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106 endfunction |
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107 @end group |
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108 @end example |
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109 |
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110 Passing a global variable in a function parameter list will |
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111 make a local copy and not modify the global value. For example, given |
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112 the function |
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113 |
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114 @example |
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115 @group |
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116 function f (x) |
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117 x = 0 |
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118 endfunction |
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119 @end group |
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120 @end example |
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121 |
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122 @noindent |
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123 and the definition of @code{x} as a global variable at the top level, |
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124 |
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125 @example |
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126 global x = 13 |
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127 @end example |
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128 |
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129 @noindent |
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130 the expression |
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131 |
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132 @example |
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133 f (x) |
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134 @end example |
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135 |
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136 @noindent |
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137 will display the value of @code{x} from inside the function as 0, |
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138 but the value of @code{x} at the top level remains unchanged, because |
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139 the function works with a @emph{copy} of its argument. |
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140 |
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141 @DOCSTRING(initialize_global_variables) |
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142 |
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143 @DOCSTRING(default_global_variable_value) |
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144 |
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145 @DOCSTRING(isglobal) |
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146 |
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147 @node Status of Variables |
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148 @section Status of Variables |
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149 |
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150 @DOCSTRING(clear) |
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151 |
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152 @DOCSTRING(who) |
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153 |
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154 @DOCSTRING(exist) |
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155 |
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156 @DOCSTRING(document) |
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157 |
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158 @DOCSTRING(type) |
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159 |
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160 @DOCSTRING(which) |
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161 |
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162 @node Summary of Built-in Variables |
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163 @section Summary of Built-in Variables |
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164 |
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165 Here is a summary of all of Octave's built-in variables along with |
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166 cross references to additional information and their default values. In |
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167 the following table @var{octave-home} stands for the root directory |
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168 where all of Octave is installed (the default is @file{@value{OCTAVEHOME}}, |
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169 @var{version} stands for the Octave version number (for example, |
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170 @value{VERSION}) and @var{arch} stands for the type of system for which |
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171 Octave was compiled (for example, @code{@value{TARGETHOSTTYPE}}). |
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172 |
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173 @vtable @code |
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174 @item DEFAULT_LOADPATH |
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175 @xref{Function Files}. |
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176 |
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177 Default value: @code{".:@var{octave-home}/lib/@var{version}"}. |
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178 |
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179 @item EDITOR |
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180 @xref{Commands For History}. |
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181 |
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182 Default value: @code{"emacs"}. |
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183 |
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184 @item EXEC_PATH |
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185 @xref{Controlling Subprocesses}. |
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186 |
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187 Default value: @code{":$PATH"}. |
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188 |
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189 @item INFO_FILE |
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190 @xref{Getting Help}. |
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191 |
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192 Default value: @code{"@var{octave-home}/info/octave.info"}. |
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193 |
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194 @item INFO_PROGRAM |
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195 @xref{Getting Help}. |
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196 |
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197 Default value: @code{"@var{octave-home}/libexec/octave/@var{version}/exec/@var{arch}/info"}. |
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198 |
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199 @item LOADPATH |
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200 @xref{Function Files}. |
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201 |
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202 Default value: @code{":"}, which tells Octave to use the directories |
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203 specified by the built-in variable @code{DEFAULT_LOADPATH}. |
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204 |
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205 @item OCTAVE_HOME |
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206 |
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207 Default value: @code{"@value{OCTAVEHOME}"}. |
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208 |
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209 @item PAGER |
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210 @xref{Input and Output}. |
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211 |
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212 Default value: @code{"less", or "more"}. |
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213 |
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214 @item PS1 |
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215 @xref{Customizing the Prompt}. |
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216 |
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217 Default value: @code{"\s:\#> "}. |
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218 |
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219 @item PS2 |
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220 @xref{Customizing the Prompt}. |
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221 |
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222 Default value: @code{"> "}. |
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223 |
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224 @item PS4 |
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225 @xref{Customizing the Prompt}. |
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226 |
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227 Default value: @code{"+ "}. |
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228 |
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229 @item automatic_replot |
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230 @xref{Two-Dimensional Plotting}. |
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231 |
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232 Default value: 0. |
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233 |
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234 @item beep_on_error |
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235 @xref{Error Handling}. |
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236 |
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237 Default value: 0. |
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238 |
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239 @item completion_append_char |
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240 @xref{Commands For Completion}. |
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241 |
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242 Default value: @code{" "}. |
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243 |
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244 @item default_eval_print_flag |
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245 @xref{Evaluation}. |
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246 |
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247 Default value: 1. |
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248 |
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249 @item default_return_value |
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250 @xref{Multiple Return Values}. |
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251 |
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252 Default value: @code{[]}. |
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253 |
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254 @item default_save_format |
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255 @xref{Simple File I/O}. |
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256 |
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257 Default value: @code{"ascii"}. |
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258 |
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259 @item crash_dumps_octave_core |
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260 @xref{Simple File I/O}. |
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261 |
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262 Default value: 1. |
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263 |
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264 @item define_all_return_values |
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265 @xref{Multiple Return Values}. |
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266 |
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267 Default value: 0. |
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268 |
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269 @item fixed_point_format |
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270 @xref{Matrices}. |
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271 |
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272 Default value: 0. |
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273 |
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274 @item gnuplot_binary |
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275 @xref{Three-Dimensional Plotting}. |
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276 |
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277 Default value: @code{"gnuplot"}. |
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278 |
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279 @item history_file |
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280 @xref{Commands For History}. |
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281 |
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282 Default value: @code{"~/.octave_hist"}. |
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283 |
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284 @item history_size |
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285 @xref{Commands For History}. |
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286 |
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287 Default value: 1024. |
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288 |
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289 @item ignore_function_time_stamp |
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290 @xref{Function Files}. |
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291 |
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292 Default value: @code{"system"}. |
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293 |
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294 @item max_recursion_depth |
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295 @xref{Recursion}. |
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296 |
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297 Default value: 256. |
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298 |
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299 @item output_max_field_width |
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300 @xref{Matrices}. |
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301 |
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302 Default value: 10. |
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303 |
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304 @item output_precision |
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305 @xref{Matrices}. |
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306 |
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307 Default value: 5. |
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308 |
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309 @item page_screen_output |
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310 @xref{Input and Output}. |
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311 |
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312 Default value: 1. |
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313 |
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314 @item print_answer_id_name |
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315 @xref{Terminal Output}. |
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316 |
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317 Default value: 1. |
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318 |
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319 @item print_empty_dimensions |
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320 @xref{Empty Matrices}. |
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321 |
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322 Default value: 1. |
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323 |
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324 @item return_last_computed_value |
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325 @xref{Returning From a Function}. |
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326 |
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327 Default value: 0. |
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328 |
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329 @item save_precision |
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330 @xref{Simple File I/O}. |
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331 |
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332 Default value: 17. |
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333 |
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334 @item saving_history |
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335 @xref{Commands For History}. |
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336 |
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337 Default value: 1. |
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338 |
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339 @item sighup_dumps_octave_core |
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340 @xref{Simple File I/O}. |
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341 |
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342 Default value: 1. |
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343 |
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344 @item sigterm_dumps_octave_core |
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345 @xref{Simple File I/O}. |
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346 |
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347 Default value: 1. |
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348 |
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349 @item silent_functions |
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350 @xref{Defining Functions}. |
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351 |
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352 Default value: 0. |
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353 |
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354 @item split_long_rows |
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355 @xref{Matrices}. |
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356 |
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357 Default value: 1. |
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358 |
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359 @item struct_levels_to_print |
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360 @xref{Data Structures}. |
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361 |
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362 Default value: 2. |
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363 |
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364 @item suppress_verbose_help_message |
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365 @xref{Getting Help}. |
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366 |
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367 Default value: 1. |
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368 |
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369 @item warn_assign_as_truth_value |
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370 @xref{The if Statement}. |
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371 |
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372 Default value: 1. |
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373 |
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374 @item warn_comma_in_global_decl |
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375 @xref{Global Variables}. |
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376 |
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377 Default value: 1. |
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378 |
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379 @item warn_divide_by_zero |
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380 @xref{Arithmetic Ops}. |
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381 |
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382 Default value: 1. |
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383 |
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384 @item warn_empty_list_elements |
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385 @xref{Empty Matrices}. |
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386 |
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387 Default value: 0. |
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388 |
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389 @item warn_fortran_indexing |
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390 @xref{Index Expressions}. |
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391 |
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392 Default value: 0. |
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393 |
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394 @item warn_function_name_clash |
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395 @xref{Function Files}. |
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396 |
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397 Default value: 1. |
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398 |
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399 @item warn_imag_to_real |
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400 @xref{Special Utility Matrices}. |
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401 |
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402 Default value: 0. |
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403 |
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404 @item warn_missing_semicolon |
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405 @xref{Defining Functions}. |
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406 |
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407 Default value: 0. |
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408 |
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409 @item warn_neg_dim_as_zero |
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410 @xref{Special Utility Matrices}. |
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411 |
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412 Default value: 0. |
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413 |
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414 @item warn_num_to_str |
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415 @xref{String Conversions}. |
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416 |
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417 Default value: 1. |
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418 |
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419 @item warn_str_to_num |
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420 @xref{String Conversions}. |
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421 |
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422 Default value: 0. |
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423 |
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424 @item warn_reload_forces_clear |
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425 @xref{Dynamically Linked Functions}. |
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426 |
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427 Default value: 1. |
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428 |
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429 @item warn_resize_on_range_error |
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430 @xref{Index Expressions}. |
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431 |
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432 Default value: 0. |
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433 |
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434 @item warn_single_quote_string) |
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435 @xref{String Conversions}. |
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436 |
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437 Default value: 0. |
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438 |
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439 @item warn_variable_switch_label |
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440 @xref{The switch Statement}. |
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441 |
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442 Default value: 0. |
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443 |
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444 @item whitespace_in_literal_matrix |
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445 @xref{Matrices}. |
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446 |
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447 Default value: @code{""}. |
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448 @end vtable |
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449 |
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450 |
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451 @node Defaults from the Environment |
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452 @section Defaults from the Environment |
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453 |
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454 Octave uses the values of the following environment variables to set the |
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455 default values for the corresponding built-in variables. In addition, |
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456 the values from the environment may be overridden by command-line |
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457 arguments. @xref{Command Line Options}. |
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458 |
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459 @vtable @code |
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460 @item EDITOR |
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461 @xref{Commands For History}. |
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462 |
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463 Built-in variable: @code{EDITOR}. |
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464 |
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465 @item OCTAVE_EXEC_PATH |
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466 @xref{Controlling Subprocesses}. |
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467 |
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468 Built-in variable: @code{EXEC_PATH}. |
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469 Command-line argument: @code{--exec-path}. |
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470 |
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471 @item OCTAVE_PATH |
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472 @xref{Function Files}. |
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473 |
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474 Built-in variable: @code{LOADPATH}. |
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475 Command-line argument: @code{--path}. |
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476 |
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477 @item OCTAVE_INFO_FILE |
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478 @xref{Getting Help}. |
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479 |
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480 Built-in variable: @code{INFO_FILE}. |
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481 Command-line argument: @code{--info-file}. |
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482 |
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483 @item OCTAVE_INFO_PROGRAM |
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484 @xref{Getting Help}. |
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485 |
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486 Built-in variable: @code{INFO_PROGRAM}. |
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487 Command-line argument: @code{--info-program}. |
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488 |
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489 @item OCTAVE_HISTSIZE |
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490 @xref{Commands For History}. |
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491 |
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492 Built-in variable: @code{history_size}. |
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493 |
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494 @item OCTAVE_HISTFILE |
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495 @xref{Commands For History}. |
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496 |
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497 Built-in variable: @code{history_file}. |
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498 @end vtable |
