Mercurial > hg > octave-nkf
annotate scripts/sparse/pcr.m @ 20526:d8992a16643c
doc: Clean up m-files which generate images for Manual.
* geometryimages.m, interpimages.m, plotimages.m, sparseimages.m,
splineimages.m: Use the same style throughout the mi-files.
Obey Octave coding conventions.
author | Rik <rik@octave.org> |
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date | Thu, 09 Jul 2015 21:38:57 -0700 |
parents | df437a52bcaf |
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1 ## Copyright (C) 2004-2015 Piotr Krzyzanowski |
5837 | 2 ## |
3 ## This file is part of Octave. | |
4 ## | |
5 ## Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
6 ## under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
7016 | 7 ## the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at |
8 ## your option) any later version. | |
5837 | 9 ## |
10 ## Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but | |
11 ## WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
12 ## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU | |
13 ## General Public License for more details. | |
14 ## | |
15 ## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
7016 | 16 ## along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see |
17 ## <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | |
5837 | 18 |
19 ## -*- texinfo -*- | |
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20 ## @deftypefn {Function File} {@var{x} =} pcr (@var{A}, @var{b}, @var{tol}, @var{maxit}, @var{m}, @var{x0}, @dots{}) |
5837 | 21 ## @deftypefnx {Function File} {[@var{x}, @var{flag}, @var{relres}, @var{iter}, @var{resvec}] =} pcr (@dots{}) |
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22 ## |
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23 ## Solve the linear system of equations @code{@var{A} * @var{x} = @var{b}} by |
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24 ## means of the Preconditioned Conjugate Residuals iterative method. |
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25 ## |
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26 ## The input arguments are |
5837 | 27 ## |
28 ## @itemize | |
29 ## @item | |
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30 ## @var{A} can be either a square (preferably sparse) matrix or a function |
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31 ## handle, inline function or string containing the name of a function which |
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32 ## computes @code{@var{A} * @var{x}}. In principle @var{A} should be |
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33 ## symmetric and non-singular; if @code{pcr} finds @var{A} to be numerically |
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34 ## singular, you will get a warning message and the @var{flag} output |
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35 ## parameter will be set. |
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36 ## |
5837 | 37 ## @item |
38 ## @var{b} is the right hand side vector. | |
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39 ## |
5837 | 40 ## @item |
41 ## @var{tol} is the required relative tolerance for the residual error, | |
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42 ## @code{@var{b} - @var{A} * @var{x}}. The iteration stops if |
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43 ## @code{norm (@var{b} - @var{A} * @var{x}) <= |
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44 ## @var{tol} * norm (@var{b} - @var{A} * @var{x0})}. |
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45 ## If @var{tol} is empty or is omitted, the function sets |
5837 | 46 ## @code{@var{tol} = 1e-6} by default. |
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47 ## |
5837 | 48 ## @item |
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49 ## @var{maxit} is the maximum allowable number of iterations; if @code{[]} is |
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50 ## supplied for @code{maxit}, or @code{pcr} has less arguments, a default |
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51 ## value equal to 20 is used. |
5837 | 52 ## |
53 ## @item | |
5838 | 54 ## @var{m} is the (left) preconditioning matrix, so that the iteration is |
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55 ## (theoretically) equivalent to solving by |
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56 ## @code{pcr} @code{@var{P} * @var{x} = @var{m} \ @var{b}}, with |
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57 ## @code{@var{P} = @var{m} \ @var{A}}. Note that a proper choice of the |
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58 ## preconditioner may dramatically improve the overall performance of the |
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59 ## method. Instead of matrix @var{m}, the user may pass a function which |
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60 ## returns the results of applying the inverse of @var{m} to a vector |
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61 ## (usually this is the preferred way of using the preconditioner). If |
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62 ## @code{[]} is supplied for @var{m}, or @var{m} is omitted, no |
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63 ## preconditioning is applied. |
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64 ## |
5837 | 65 ## @item |
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66 ## @var{x0} is the initial guess. If @var{x0} is empty or omitted, the |
5837 | 67 ## function sets @var{x0} to a zero vector by default. |
68 ## @end itemize | |
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69 ## |
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70 ## The arguments which follow @var{x0} are treated as parameters, and passed |
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71 ## in a proper way to any of the functions (@var{A} or @var{m}) which are |
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72 ## passed to @code{pcr}. See the examples below for further details. |
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73 ## |
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74 ## The output arguments are |
5837 | 75 ## |
76 ## @itemize | |
77 ## @item | |
78 ## @var{x} is the computed approximation to the solution of | |
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79 ## @code{@var{A} * @var{x} = @var{b}}. |
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80 ## |
5837 | 81 ## @item |
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82 ## @var{flag} reports on the convergence. @code{@var{flag} = 0} means the |
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83 ## solution converged and the tolerance criterion given by @var{tol} is |
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84 ## satisfied. @code{@var{flag} = 1} means that the @var{maxit} limit for the |
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85 ## iteration count was reached. @code{@var{flag} = 3} reports a @code{pcr} |
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86 ## breakdown, see [1] for details. |
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87 ## |
5837 | 88 ## @item |
89 ## @var{relres} is the ratio of the final residual to its initial value, | |
90 ## measured in the Euclidean norm. | |
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91 ## |
5837 | 92 ## @item |
93 ## @var{iter} is the actual number of iterations performed. | |
94 ## | |
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95 ## @item |
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96 ## @var{resvec} describes the convergence history of the method, so that |
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97 ## @code{@var{resvec} (i)} contains the Euclidean norms of the residual after |
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98 ## the (@var{i}-1)-th iteration, @code{@var{i} = 1,2, @dots{}, @var{iter}+1}. |
5837 | 99 ## @end itemize |
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100 ## |
5837 | 101 ## Let us consider a trivial problem with a diagonal matrix (we exploit the |
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102 ## sparsity of A) |
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103 ## |
5837 | 104 ## @example |
105 ## @group | |
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106 ## n = 10; |
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107 ## A = sparse (diag (1:n)); |
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108 ## b = rand (N, 1); |
5837 | 109 ## @end group |
110 ## @end example | |
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111 ## |
5837 | 112 ## @sc{Example 1:} Simplest use of @code{pcr} |
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113 ## |
5837 | 114 ## @example |
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115 ## x = pcr (A, b) |
5837 | 116 ## @end example |
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117 ## |
5837 | 118 ## @sc{Example 2:} @code{pcr} with a function which computes |
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119 ## @code{@var{A} * @var{x}}. |
5837 | 120 ## |
121 ## @example | |
122 ## @group | |
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123 ## function y = apply_a (x) |
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124 ## y = [1:10]' .* x; |
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125 ## endfunction |
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126 ## |
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127 ## x = pcr ("apply_a", b) |
5837 | 128 ## @end group |
129 ## @end example | |
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130 ## |
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131 ## @sc{Example 3:} Preconditioned iteration, with full diagnostics. The |
5837 | 132 ## preconditioner (quite strange, because even the original matrix |
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133 ## @var{A} is trivial) is defined as a function |
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134 ## |
5837 | 135 ## @example |
136 ## @group | |
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137 ## function y = apply_m (x) |
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138 ## k = floor (length (x) - 2); |
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139 ## y = x; |
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140 ## y(1:k) = x(1:k) ./ [1:k]'; |
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141 ## endfunction |
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142 ## |
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143 ## [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = ... |
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144 ## pcr (A, b, [], [], "apply_m") |
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145 ## semilogy ([1:iter+1], resvec); |
5837 | 146 ## @end group |
147 ## @end example | |
148 ## | |
149 ## @sc{Example 4:} Finally, a preconditioner which depends on a | |
150 ## parameter @var{k}. | |
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151 ## |
5837 | 152 ## @example |
153 ## @group | |
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154 ## function y = apply_m (x, varargin) |
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155 ## k = varargin@{1@}; |
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156 ## y = x; |
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157 ## y(1:k) = x(1:k) ./ [1:k]'; |
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158 ## endfunction |
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159 ## |
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160 ## [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = ... |
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161 ## pcr (A, b, [], [], "apply_m"', [], 3) |
5837 | 162 ## @end group |
163 ## @end example | |
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164 ## |
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165 ## References: |
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166 ## |
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167 ## [1] @nospell{W. Hackbusch}, @cite{Iterative Solution of Large Sparse |
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168 ## Systems of Equations}, section 9.5.4; Springer, 1994 |
5837 | 169 ## |
170 ## @seealso{sparse, pcg} | |
171 ## @end deftypefn | |
172 | |
5838 | 173 ## Author: Piotr Krzyzanowski <piotr.krzyzanowski@mimuw.edu.pl> |
5837 | 174 |
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175 function [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = pcr (A, b, tol, maxit, m, x0, varargin) |
5837 | 176 |
177 breakdown = false; | |
178 | |
5838 | 179 if (nargin < 6 || isempty (x0)) |
180 x = zeros (size (b)); | |
5837 | 181 else |
182 x = x0; | |
183 endif | |
184 | |
185 if (nargin < 5) | |
8507 | 186 m = []; |
5837 | 187 endif |
188 | |
5838 | 189 if (nargin < 4 || isempty (maxit)) |
5837 | 190 maxit = 20; |
191 endif | |
192 | |
5838 | 193 maxit += 2; |
5837 | 194 |
5838 | 195 if (nargin < 3 || isempty (tol)) |
5837 | 196 tol = 1e-6; |
197 endif | |
198 | |
199 if (nargin < 2) | |
5838 | 200 print_usage (); |
5837 | 201 endif |
202 | |
203 ## init | |
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204 if (isnumeric (A)) # is A a matrix? |
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205 r = b - A*x; |
10549 | 206 else # then A should be a function! |
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207 r = b - feval (A, x, varargin{:}); |
5837 | 208 endif |
209 | |
10549 | 210 if (isnumeric (m)) # is M a matrix? |
211 if (isempty (m)) # if M is empty, use no precond | |
5837 | 212 p = r; |
10549 | 213 else # otherwise, apply the precond |
8507 | 214 p = m \ r; |
5837 | 215 endif |
10549 | 216 else # then M should be a function! |
8507 | 217 p = feval (m, r, varargin{:}); |
5837 | 218 endif |
219 | |
220 iter = 2; | |
221 | |
222 b_bot_old = 1; | |
5838 | 223 q_old = p_old = s_old = zeros (size (x)); |
5837 | 224 |
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225 if (isnumeric (A)) # is A a matrix? |
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226 q = A * p; |
10549 | 227 else # then A should be a function! |
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228 q = feval (A, p, varargin{:}); |
5837 | 229 endif |
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230 |
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231 resvec(1) = abs (norm (r)); |
5837 | 232 |
233 ## iteration | |
5838 | 234 while (resvec(iter-1) > tol*resvec(1) && iter < maxit) |
235 | |
10549 | 236 if (isnumeric (m)) # is M a matrix? |
237 if (isempty (m)) # if M is empty, use no precond | |
238 s = q; | |
239 else # otherwise, apply the precond | |
240 s = m \ q; | |
5837 | 241 endif |
10549 | 242 else # then M should be a function! |
8507 | 243 s = feval (m, q, varargin{:}); |
5837 | 244 endif |
5838 | 245 b_top = r' * s; |
246 b_bot = q' * s; | |
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247 |
5837 | 248 if (b_bot == 0.0) |
249 breakdown = true; | |
250 break; | |
251 endif | |
5838 | 252 lambda = b_top / b_bot; |
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253 |
5838 | 254 x += lambda*p; |
255 r -= lambda*q; | |
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256 |
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257 if (isnumeric (A)) # is A a matrix? |
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258 t = A*s; |
10549 | 259 else # then A should be a function! |
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260 t = feval (A, s, varargin{:}); |
5837 | 261 endif |
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262 |
5838 | 263 alpha0 = (t'*s) / b_bot; |
264 alpha1 = (t'*s_old) / b_bot_old; | |
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265 |
5838 | 266 p_temp = p; |
267 q_temp = q; | |
268 | |
5837 | 269 p = s - alpha0*p - alpha1*p_old; |
270 q = t - alpha0*q - alpha1*q_old; | |
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271 |
5837 | 272 s_old = s; |
273 p_old = p_temp; | |
274 q_old = q_temp; | |
275 b_bot_old = b_bot; | |
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276 |
5838 | 277 resvec(iter) = abs (norm (r)); |
278 iter++; | |
5837 | 279 endwhile |
280 | |
281 flag = 0; | |
5838 | 282 relres = resvec(iter-1) ./ resvec(1); |
283 iter -= 2; | |
284 if (iter >= maxit-2) | |
5837 | 285 flag = 1; |
286 if (nargout < 2) | |
6498 | 287 warning ("pcr: maximum number of iterations (%d) reached\n", iter); |
288 warning ("the initial residual norm was reduced %g times.\n", 1.0/relres); | |
5837 | 289 endif |
5838 | 290 elseif (nargout < 2 && ! breakdown) |
6498 | 291 fprintf (stderr, "pcr: converged in %d iterations. \n", iter); |
292 fprintf (stderr, "the initial residual norm was reduced %g times.\n", | |
10549 | 293 1.0 / relres); |
5837 | 294 endif |
5838 | 295 |
5837 | 296 if (breakdown) |
297 flag = 3; | |
298 if (nargout < 2) | |
7001 | 299 warning ("pcr: breakdown occurred:\n"); |
6498 | 300 warning ("system matrix singular or preconditioner indefinite?\n"); |
5837 | 301 endif |
302 endif | |
303 | |
304 endfunction | |
305 | |
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306 |
5837 | 307 %!demo |
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308 %! ## Simplest usage of PCR (see also 'help pcr') |
5837 | 309 %! |
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310 %! N = 20; |
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311 %! A = diag (linspace (-3.1,3,N)); b = rand (N,1); |
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312 %! y = A \ b; # y is the true solution |
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313 %! x = pcr (A,b); |
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314 %! printf ("The solution relative error is %g\n", norm (x-y) / norm (y)); |
5837 | 315 %! |
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316 %! ## You shouldn't be afraid if PCR issues some warning messages in this |
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317 %! ## example: watch out in the second example, why it takes N iterations |
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318 %! ## of PCR to converge to (a very accurate, by the way) solution. |
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319 |
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320 %!demo |
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321 %! ## Full output from PCR |
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322 %! ## We use this output to plot the convergence history |
5837 | 323 %! |
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324 %! N = 20; |
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325 %! A = diag (linspace (-3.1,30,N)); b = rand (N,1); |
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326 %! X = A \ b; # X is the true solution |
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327 %! [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = pcr (A,b); |
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328 %! printf ("The solution relative error is %g\n", norm (x-X) / norm (X)); |
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329 %! clf; |
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330 %! title ("Convergence history"); |
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331 %! xlabel ("Iteration"); ylabel ("log(||b-Ax||/||b||)"); |
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332 %! semilogy ([0:iter], resvec/resvec(1), "o-g;relative residual;"); |
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333 |
5837 | 334 %!demo |
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335 %! ## Full output from PCR |
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336 %! ## We use indefinite matrix based on the Hilbert matrix, with one |
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337 %! ## strongly negative eigenvalue |
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338 %! ## Hilbert matrix is extremely ill conditioned, so is ours, |
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339 %! ## and that's why PCR WILL have problems |
5837 | 340 %! |
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341 %! N = 10; |
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342 %! A = hilb (N); A(1,1) = -A(1,1); b = rand (N,1); |
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343 %! X = A \ b; # X is the true solution |
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344 %! printf ("Condition number of A is %g\n", cond (A)); |
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345 %! [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = pcr (A,b,[],200); |
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346 %! if (flag == 3) |
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347 %! printf ("PCR breakdown. System matrix is [close to] singular\n"); |
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348 %! end |
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349 %! clf; |
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350 %! title ("Convergence history"); |
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351 %! xlabel ("Iteration"); ylabel ("log(||b-Ax||)"); |
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352 %! semilogy ([0:iter], resvec, "o-g;absolute residual;"); |
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353 |
5837 | 354 %!demo |
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355 %! ## Full output from PCR |
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356 %! ## We use an indefinite matrix based on the 1-D Laplacian matrix for A, |
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357 %! ## and here we have cond(A) = O(N^2) |
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358 %! ## That's the reason we need some preconditioner; here we take |
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359 %! ## a very simple and not powerful Jacobi preconditioner, |
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360 %! ## which is the diagonal of A. |
5837 | 361 %! |
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362 %! ## Note that we use here indefinite preconditioners! |
5837 | 363 %! |
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364 %! N = 100; |
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365 %! A = zeros (N,N); |
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366 %! for i=1:N-1 # form 1-D Laplacian matrix |
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367 %! A(i:i+1,i:i+1) = [2 -1; -1 2]; |
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368 %! endfor |
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369 %! A = [A, zeros(size(A)); zeros(size(A)), -A]; |
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370 %! b = rand (2*N,1); |
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371 %! X = A \ b; # X is the true solution |
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372 %! maxit = 80; |
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373 %! printf ("System condition number is %g\n", cond (A)); |
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374 %! ## No preconditioner: the convergence is very slow! |
5837 | 375 %! |
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376 %! [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = pcr (A,b,[],maxit); |
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377 %! clf; |
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378 %! title ("Convergence history"); |
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379 %! xlabel ("Iteration"); ylabel ("log(||b-Ax||)"); |
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380 %! semilogy ([0:iter], resvec, "o-g;NO preconditioning: absolute residual;"); |
5837 | 381 %! |
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382 %! pause (1); |
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383 %! ## Test Jacobi preconditioner: it will not help much!!! |
5837 | 384 %! |
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385 %! M = diag (diag (A)); # Jacobi preconditioner |
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386 %! [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = pcr (A,b,[],maxit,M); |
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387 %! hold on; |
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388 %! semilogy ([0:iter],resvec,"o-r;JACOBI preconditioner: absolute residual;"); |
5837 | 389 %! |
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390 %! pause (1); |
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391 %! ## Test nonoverlapping block Jacobi preconditioner: this one should give |
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392 %! ## some convergence speedup! |
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393 %! |
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394 %! M = zeros (N,N); k = 4; |
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395 %! for i=1:k:N # get k x k diagonal blocks of A |
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396 %! M(i:i+k-1,i:i+k-1) = A(i:i+k-1,i:i+k-1); |
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397 %! endfor |
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398 %! M = [M, zeros(size (M)); zeros(size(M)), -M]; |
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399 %! [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = pcr (A,b,[],maxit,M); |
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400 %! semilogy ([0:iter], resvec, "o-b;BLOCK JACOBI preconditioner: absolute residual;"); |
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401 %! hold off; |
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402 |
5837 | 403 %!test |
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404 %! ## solve small indefinite diagonal system |
5837 | 405 %! |
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406 %! N = 10; |
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407 %! A = diag (linspace (-10.1,10,N)); b = ones (N,1); |
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408 %! X = A \ b; # X is the true solution |
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409 %! [x, flag] = pcr (A,b,[],N+1); |
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410 %! assert (norm (x-X) / norm (X) < 1e-10); |
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411 %! assert (flag, 0); |
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412 |
5837 | 413 %!test |
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414 %! ## solve tridiagonal system, do not converge in default 20 iterations |
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415 %! ## should perform max allowable default number of iterations |
5837 | 416 %! |
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417 %! N = 100; |
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418 %! A = zeros (N,N); |
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419 %! for i=1:N-1 # form 1-D Laplacian matrix |
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420 %! A(i:i+1,i:i+1) = [2 -1; -1 2]; |
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421 %! endfor |
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422 %! b = ones (N,1); |
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423 %! X = A \ b; # X is the true solution |
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424 %! [x, flag, relres, iter, resvec] = pcr (A,b,1e-12); |
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425 %! assert (flag, 1); |
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426 %! assert (relres > 0.6); |
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427 %! assert (iter, 20); |
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428 |
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429 %!test |
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430 %! ## solve tridiagonal system with "perfect" preconditioner |
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431 %! ## converges in one iteration |
5837 | 432 %! |
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433 %! N = 100; |
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434 %! A = zeros (N,N); |
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435 %! for i=1:N-1 # form 1-D Laplacian matrix |
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436 %! A(i:i+1,i:i+1) = [2 -1; -1 2]; |
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437 %! endfor |
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438 %! b = ones (N,1); |
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439 %! X = A \ b; # X is the true solution |
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440 %! [x, flag, relres, iter] = pcr (A,b,[],[],A,b); |
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441 %! assert (norm (x-X) / norm(X) < 1e-6); |
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442 %! assert (relres < 1e-6); |
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443 %! assert (flag, 0); |
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444 %! assert (iter, 1); # should converge in one iteration |
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445 |