/*

Copyright (C) 2012 Max Brister <max@2bass.com>

This file is part of Octave.

Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.

Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with Octave; see the file COPYING.  If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

*/

// defines required by llvm
#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
#define __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LLVM

#include "jit-typeinfo.h"

#include <llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h>
#include <llvm/GlobalVariable.h>
#include <llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h>
#include <llvm/LLVMContext.h>
#include <llvm/Function.h>
#include <llvm/Instructions.h>
#include <llvm/Intrinsics.h>
#include <llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h>
#include <llvm/Support/raw_os_ostream.h>

#include "jit-ir.h"
#include "ov.h"
#include "ov-builtin.h"
#include "ov-complex.h"
#include "ov-scalar.h"
#include "pager.h"

static llvm::LLVMContext& context = llvm::getGlobalContext ();

jit_typeinfo *jit_typeinfo::instance = 0;

std::ostream& jit_print (std::ostream& os, jit_type *atype)
{
  if (! atype)
    return os << "null";
  return os << atype->name ();
}

// function that jit code calls
extern "C" void
octave_jit_print_any (const char *name, octave_base_value *obv)
{
  obv->print_with_name (octave_stdout, name, true);
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_print_scalar (const char *name, double value)
{
  // FIXME: We should avoid allocating a new octave_scalar each time
  octave_value ov (value);
  ov.print_with_name (octave_stdout, name);
}

extern "C" octave_base_value*
octave_jit_binary_any_any (octave_value::binary_op op, octave_base_value *lhs,
                           octave_base_value *rhs)
{
  octave_value olhs (lhs, true);
  octave_value orhs (rhs, true);
  octave_value result = do_binary_op (op, olhs, orhs);
  octave_base_value *rep = result.internal_rep ();
  rep->grab ();
  return rep;
}

extern "C" octave_idx_type
octave_jit_compute_nelem (double base, double limit, double inc)
{
  Range rng = Range (base, limit, inc);
  return rng.nelem ();
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_release_any (octave_base_value *obv)
{
  obv->release ();
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_release_matrix (jit_matrix *m)
{
  delete m->array;
}

extern "C" octave_base_value *
octave_jit_grab_any (octave_base_value *obv)
{
  obv->grab ();
  return obv;
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_grab_matrix (jit_matrix *result, jit_matrix *m)
{
  *result = *m->array;
}

extern "C" octave_base_value *
octave_jit_cast_any_matrix (jit_matrix *m)
{
  octave_value ret (*m->array);
  octave_base_value *rep = ret.internal_rep ();
  rep->grab ();
  delete m->array;

  return rep;
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_cast_matrix_any (jit_matrix *ret, octave_base_value *obv)
{
  NDArray m = obv->array_value ();
  *ret = m;
  obv->release ();
}

extern "C" octave_base_value *
octave_jit_cast_any_range (jit_range *rng)
{
  Range temp (*rng);
  octave_value ret (temp);
  octave_base_value *rep = ret.internal_rep ();
  rep->grab ();

  return rep;
}
extern "C" void
octave_jit_cast_range_any (jit_range *ret, octave_base_value *obv)
{

  jit_range r (obv->range_value ());
  *ret = r;
  obv->release ();
}

extern "C" double
octave_jit_cast_scalar_any (octave_base_value *obv)
{
  double ret = obv->double_value ();
  obv->release ();
  return ret;
}

extern "C" octave_base_value *
octave_jit_cast_any_scalar (double value)
{
  return new octave_scalar (value);
}

extern "C" Complex
octave_jit_cast_complex_any (octave_base_value *obv)
{
  Complex ret = obv->complex_value ();
  obv->release ();
  return ret;
}

extern "C" octave_base_value *
octave_jit_cast_any_complex (Complex c)
{
  if (c.imag () == 0)
    return new octave_scalar (c.real ());
  else
    return new octave_complex (c);
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_gripe_nan_to_logical_conversion (void)
{
  try
    {
      gripe_nan_to_logical_conversion ();
    }
  catch (const octave_execution_exception&)
    {
      gripe_library_execution_error ();
    }
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_ginvalid_index (void)
{
  try
    {
      gripe_invalid_index ();
    }
  catch (const octave_execution_exception&)
    {
      gripe_library_execution_error ();
    }
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_gindex_range (int nd, int dim, octave_idx_type iext,
                         octave_idx_type ext)
{
  try
    {
      gripe_index_out_of_range (nd, dim, iext, ext);
    }
  catch (const octave_execution_exception&)
    {
      gripe_library_execution_error ();
    }
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_paren_subsasgn_impl (jit_matrix *ret, jit_matrix *mat,
                                octave_idx_type index, double value)
{
  NDArray *array = mat->array;
  if (array->nelem () < index)
    array->resize1 (index);

  double *data = array->fortran_vec ();
  data[index - 1] = value;

  mat->update ();
  *ret = *mat;
}

static void
make_indices (double *indices, octave_idx_type idx_count,
              Array<idx_vector>& result)
{
  result.resize (dim_vector (1, idx_count));
  for (octave_idx_type i = 0; i < idx_count; ++i)
    result(i) = idx_vector (indices[i]);
}

extern "C" double
octave_jit_paren_scalar (jit_matrix *mat, double *indicies,
                         octave_idx_type idx_count)
{
  // FIXME: Replace this with a more optimal version
  try
    {
      Array<idx_vector> idx;
      make_indices (indicies, idx_count, idx);

      Array<double> ret = mat->array->index (idx);
      return ret.xelem (0);
    }
  catch (const octave_execution_exception&)
    {
      gripe_library_execution_error ();
      return 0;
    }
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_paren_scalar_subsasgn (jit_matrix *ret, jit_matrix *mat,
                                  double *indices, octave_idx_type idx_count,
                                  double value)
{
  // FIXME: Replace this with a more optimal version
  try
    {
      Array<idx_vector> idx;
      make_indices (indices, idx_count, idx);

      Matrix temp (1, 1);
      temp.xelem(0) = value;
      mat->array->assign (idx, temp);
      ret->update (mat->array);
    }
  catch (const octave_execution_exception&)
    {
      gripe_library_execution_error ();
    }
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_paren_subsasgn_matrix_range (jit_matrix *result, jit_matrix *mat,
                                        jit_range *index, double value)
{
  NDArray *array = mat->array;
  bool done = false;

  // optimize for the simple case (no resizing and no errors)
  if (*array->jit_ref_count () == 1
      && index->all_elements_are_ints ())
    {
      // this code is similar to idx_vector::fill, but we avoid allocating an
      // idx_vector and its associated rep
      octave_idx_type start = static_cast<octave_idx_type> (index->base) - 1;
      octave_idx_type step = static_cast<octave_idx_type> (index->inc);
      octave_idx_type nelem = index->nelem;
      octave_idx_type final = start + nelem * step;
      if (step < 0)
        {
          step = -step;
          std::swap (final, start);
        }

      if (start >= 0 && final < mat->slice_len)
        {
          done = true;

          double *data = array->jit_slice_data ();
          if (step == 1)
            std::fill (data + start, data + start + nelem, value);
          else
            {
              for (octave_idx_type i = start; i < final; i += step)
                data[i] = value;
            }
        }
    }

  if (! done)
    {
      idx_vector idx (*index);
      NDArray avalue (dim_vector (1, 1));
      avalue.xelem (0) = value;
      array->assign (idx, avalue);
    }

  result->update (array);
}

extern "C" Complex
octave_jit_complex_div (Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
  // see src/OPERATORS/op-cs-cs.cc
  if (rhs == 0.0)
    gripe_divide_by_zero ();

  return lhs / rhs;
}

// FIXME: CP form src/xpow.cc
static inline int
xisint (double x)
{
  return (D_NINT (x) == x
          && ((x >= 0 && x < INT_MAX)
              || (x <= 0 && x > INT_MIN)));
}

extern "C" Complex
octave_jit_pow_scalar_scalar (double lhs, double rhs)
{
  // FIXME: almost CP from src/xpow.cc
  if (lhs < 0.0 && ! xisint (rhs))
    return std::pow (Complex (lhs), rhs);
  return std::pow (lhs, rhs);
}

extern "C" Complex
octave_jit_pow_complex_complex (Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
  if (lhs.imag () == 0 && rhs.imag () == 0)
    return octave_jit_pow_scalar_scalar (lhs.real (), rhs.real ());
  return std::pow (lhs, rhs);
}

extern "C" Complex
octave_jit_pow_complex_scalar (Complex lhs, double rhs)
{
  if (lhs.imag () == 0)
    return octave_jit_pow_scalar_scalar (lhs.real (), rhs);
  return std::pow (lhs, rhs);
}

extern "C" Complex
octave_jit_pow_scalar_complex (double lhs, Complex rhs)
{
  if (rhs.imag () == 0)
    return octave_jit_pow_scalar_scalar (lhs, rhs.real ());
  return std::pow (lhs, rhs);
}

extern "C" void
octave_jit_print_matrix (jit_matrix *m)
{
  std::cout << *m << std::endl;
}

static void
gripe_bad_result (void)
{
  error ("incorrect type information given to the JIT compiler");
}

// FIXME: Add support for multiple outputs
extern "C" octave_base_value *
octave_jit_call (octave_builtin::fcn fn, size_t nargin,
                 octave_base_value **argin, jit_type *result_type)
{
  octave_value_list ovl (nargin);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < nargin; ++i)
    ovl.xelem (i) = octave_value (argin[i]);

  ovl = fn (ovl, 1);

  // These type checks are not strictly required, but I'm guessing that
  // incorrect types will be entered on occasion. This will be very difficult to
  // debug unless we do the sanity check here.
  if (result_type)
    {
      if (ovl.length () != 1)
        {
          gripe_bad_result ();
          return 0;
        }

      octave_value& result = ovl.xelem (0);
      jit_type *jtype = jit_typeinfo::join (jit_typeinfo::type_of (result),
                                            result_type);
      if (jtype != result_type)
        {
          gripe_bad_result ();
          return 0;
        }

      octave_base_value *ret = result.internal_rep ();
      ret->grab ();
      return ret;
    }

  if (! (ovl.length () == 0
         || (ovl.length () == 1 && ovl.xelem (0).is_undefined ())))
    gripe_bad_result ();

  return 0;
}

// -------------------- jit_range --------------------
bool
jit_range::all_elements_are_ints () const
{
  Range r (*this);
  return r.all_elements_are_ints ();
}

std::ostream&
operator<< (std::ostream& os, const jit_range& rng)
{
  return os << "Range[" << rng.base << ", " << rng.limit << ", " << rng.inc
            << ", " << rng.nelem << "]";
}

// -------------------- jit_matrix --------------------

std::ostream&
operator<< (std::ostream& os, const jit_matrix& mat)
{
  return os << "Matrix[" << mat.ref_count << ", " << mat.slice_data << ", "
            << mat.slice_len << ", " << mat.dimensions << ", "
            << mat.array << "]";
}

// -------------------- jit_type --------------------
jit_type::jit_type (const std::string& aname, jit_type *aparent,
                    llvm::Type *allvm_type, int aid) :
  mname (aname), mparent (aparent), llvm_type (allvm_type), mid (aid),
  mdepth (aparent ? aparent->mdepth + 1 : 0)
{
  std::memset (msret, 0, sizeof (msret));
  std::memset (mpointer_arg, 0, sizeof (mpointer_arg));
  std::memset (mpack, 0, sizeof (mpack));
  std::memset (munpack, 0, sizeof (munpack));

  for (size_t i = 0; i < jit_convention::length; ++i)
    mpacked_type[i] = llvm_type;
}

llvm::Type *
jit_type::to_llvm_arg (void) const
{
  return llvm_type ? llvm_type->getPointerTo () : 0;
}

// -------------------- jit_function --------------------
jit_function::jit_function () : module (0), llvm_function (0), mresult (0),
                                call_conv (jit_convention::length),
                                mcan_error (false)
{}

jit_function::jit_function (llvm::Module *amodule,
                            jit_convention::type acall_conv,
                            const llvm::Twine& aname, jit_type *aresult,
                            const std::vector<jit_type *>& aargs)
  : module (amodule), mresult (aresult), args (aargs), call_conv (acall_conv),
    mcan_error (false)
{
  llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Type *, 15> llvm_args;

  llvm::Type *rtype = llvm::Type::getVoidTy (context);
  if (mresult)
    {
      rtype = mresult->packed_type (call_conv);
      if (sret ())
        {
          llvm_args.push_back (rtype->getPointerTo ());
          rtype = llvm::Type::getVoidTy (context);
        }
    }

  for (std::vector<jit_type *>::const_iterator iter = args.begin ();
       iter != args.end (); ++iter)
    {
      jit_type *ty = *iter;
      assert (ty);
      llvm::Type *argty = ty->packed_type (call_conv);
      if (ty->pointer_arg (call_conv))
        argty = argty->getPointerTo ();

      llvm_args.push_back (argty);
    }

  // we mark all functinos as external linkage because this prevents llvm
  // from getting rid of always inline functions
  llvm::FunctionType *ft = llvm::FunctionType::get (rtype, llvm_args, false);
  llvm_function = llvm::Function::Create (ft, llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage,
                                          aname, module);
  if (call_conv == jit_convention::internal)
    llvm_function->addFnAttr (llvm::Attribute::AlwaysInline);
}

jit_function::jit_function (const jit_function& fn, jit_type *aresult,
                            const std::vector<jit_type *>& aargs)
  : module (fn.module), llvm_function (fn.llvm_function), mresult (aresult),
    args (aargs), call_conv (fn.call_conv), mcan_error (fn.mcan_error)
{
}

jit_function::jit_function (const jit_function& fn)
  : module (fn.module), llvm_function (fn.llvm_function), mresult (fn.mresult),
    args (fn.args), call_conv (fn.call_conv), mcan_error (fn.mcan_error)
{}

std::string
jit_function::name (void) const
{
  return llvm_function->getName ();
}

llvm::BasicBlock *
jit_function::new_block (const std::string& aname,
                         llvm::BasicBlock *insert_before)
{
  return llvm::BasicBlock::Create (context, aname, llvm_function,
                                   insert_before);
}

llvm::Value *
jit_function::call (llvm::IRBuilderD& builder,
                    const std::vector<jit_value *>& in_args) const
{
  if (! valid ())
    throw jit_fail_exception ("Call not implemented");

  assert (in_args.size () == args.size ());
  std::vector<llvm::Value *> llvm_args (args.size ());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < in_args.size (); ++i)
    llvm_args[i] = in_args[i]->to_llvm ();

  return call (builder, llvm_args);
}

llvm::Value *
jit_function::call (llvm::IRBuilderD& builder,
                    const std::vector<llvm::Value *>& in_args) const
{
  if (! valid ())
    throw jit_fail_exception ("Call not implemented");

  assert (in_args.size () == args.size ());
  llvm::Function *stacksave
    = llvm::Intrinsic::getDeclaration (module, llvm::Intrinsic::stacksave);
  llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Value *, 10> llvm_args;
  llvm_args.reserve (in_args.size () + sret ());

  llvm::Value *sret_mem = 0;
  llvm::Value *saved_stack = 0;
  if (sret ())
    {
      saved_stack = builder.CreateCall (stacksave);
      sret_mem = builder.CreateAlloca (mresult->packed_type (call_conv));
      llvm_args.push_back (sret_mem);
    }

  for (size_t i = 0; i < in_args.size (); ++i)
    {
      llvm::Value *arg = in_args[i];
      jit_type::convert_fn convert = args[i]->pack (call_conv);
      if (convert)
        arg = convert (builder, arg);

      if (args[i]->pointer_arg (call_conv))
        {
          if (! saved_stack)
            saved_stack = builder.CreateCall (stacksave);

          arg = builder.CreateAlloca (args[i]->to_llvm ());
          builder.CreateStore (in_args[i], arg);
        }

      llvm_args.push_back (arg);
    }

  llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateCall (llvm_function, llvm_args);
  if (sret_mem)
    ret = builder.CreateLoad (sret_mem);

  if (mresult)
    {
      jit_type::convert_fn unpack = mresult->unpack (call_conv);
      if (unpack)
        ret = unpack (builder, ret);
    }

  if (saved_stack)
    {
      llvm::Function *stackrestore
        = llvm::Intrinsic::getDeclaration (module,
                                           llvm::Intrinsic::stackrestore);
      builder.CreateCall (stackrestore, saved_stack);
    }

  return ret;
}

llvm::Value *
jit_function::argument (llvm::IRBuilderD& builder, size_t idx) const
{
  assert (idx < args.size ());

  // FIXME: We should be treating arguments like a list, not a vector. Shouldn't
  // matter much for now, as the number of arguments shouldn't be much bigger
  // than 4
  llvm::Function::arg_iterator iter = llvm_function->arg_begin ();
  if (sret ())
    ++iter;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < idx; ++i, ++iter);

  if (args[idx]->pointer_arg (call_conv))
    return builder.CreateLoad (iter);

  return iter;
}

void
jit_function::do_return (llvm::IRBuilderD& builder, llvm::Value *rval)
{
  assert (! rval == ! mresult);

  if (rval)
    {
      jit_type::convert_fn convert = mresult->pack (call_conv);
      if (convert)
        rval = convert (builder, rval);

      if (sret ())
        builder.CreateStore (rval, llvm_function->arg_begin ());
      else
        builder.CreateRet (rval);
    }
  else
    builder.CreateRetVoid ();

  llvm::verifyFunction (*llvm_function);
}

void
jit_function::do_add_mapping (llvm::ExecutionEngine *engine, void *fn)
{
  assert (valid ());
  engine->addGlobalMapping (llvm_function, fn);
}

std::ostream&
operator<< (std::ostream& os, const jit_function& fn)
{
  llvm::Function *lfn = fn.to_llvm ();
  os << "jit_function: cc=" << fn.call_conv;
  llvm::raw_os_ostream llvm_out (os);
  lfn->print (llvm_out);
  llvm_out.flush ();
  return os;
}

// -------------------- jit_operation --------------------
jit_operation::~jit_operation (void)
{
  for (generated_map::iterator iter = generated.begin ();
       iter != generated.end (); ++iter)
    {
      delete iter->first;
      delete iter->second;
    }
}

void
jit_operation::add_overload (const jit_function& func,
                            const std::vector<jit_type*>& args)
{
  if (args.size () >= overloads.size ())
    overloads.resize (args.size () + 1);

  Array<jit_function>& over = overloads[args.size ()];
  dim_vector dv (over.dims ());
  Array<octave_idx_type> idx = to_idx (args);
  bool must_resize = false;

  if (dv.length () != idx.numel ())
    {
      dv.resize (idx.numel ());
      must_resize = true;
    }

  for (octave_idx_type i = 0; i < dv.length (); ++i)
    if (dv(i) <= idx(i))
      {
        must_resize = true;
        dv(i) = idx(i) + 1;
      }

  if (must_resize)
    over.resize (dv);

  over(idx) = func;
}

const jit_function&
jit_operation::overload (const std::vector<jit_type*>& types) const
{
  static jit_function null_overload;
  for (size_t i  =0; i < types.size (); ++i)
    if (! types[i])
      return null_overload;

  if (types.size () >= overloads.size ())
    return do_generate (types);

  const Array<jit_function>& over = overloads[types.size ()];
  dim_vector dv (over.dims ());
  Array<octave_idx_type> idx = to_idx (types);
  for (octave_idx_type i = 0; i < dv.length (); ++i)
    if (idx(i) >= dv(i))
      return do_generate (types);

  const jit_function& ret = over(idx);
  if (! ret.valid ())
    return do_generate (types);

  return ret;
}

Array<octave_idx_type>
jit_operation::to_idx (const std::vector<jit_type*>& types) const
{
  octave_idx_type numel = types.size ();
  if (numel == 1)
    numel = 2;

  Array<octave_idx_type> idx (dim_vector (1, numel));
  for (octave_idx_type i = 0; i < static_cast<octave_idx_type> (types.size ());
       ++i)
    idx(i) = types[i]->type_id ();

  if (types.size () == 1)
    {
      idx(1) = idx(0);
      idx(0) = 0;
    }

  return idx;
}

const jit_function&
jit_operation::do_generate (const signature_vec& types) const
{
  static jit_function null_overload;
  generated_map::const_iterator find = generated.find (&types);
  if (find != generated.end ())
    {
      if (find->second)
        return *find->second;
      else
        return null_overload;
    }

  jit_function *ret = generate (types);
  generated[new signature_vec (types)] = ret;
  return ret ? *ret : null_overload;
}

jit_function *
jit_operation::generate (const signature_vec& types) const
{
  return 0;
}

bool
jit_operation::signature_cmp
::operator() (const signature_vec *lhs, const signature_vec *rhs)
{
  const signature_vec& l = *lhs;
  const signature_vec& r = *rhs;

  if (l.size () < r.size ())
    return true;
  else if (l.size () > r.size ())
    return false;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < l.size (); ++i)
    {
      if (l[i]->type_id () < r[i]->type_id ())
        return true;
      else if (l[i]->type_id () > r[i]->type_id ())
        return false;
    }

  return false;
}

// -------------------- jit_index_operation --------------------
jit_function *
jit_index_operation::generate (const signature_vec& types) const
{
  if (types.size () > 2 && types[0] == jit_typeinfo::get_matrix ())
    {
      // indexing a matrix with scalars
      jit_type *scalar = jit_typeinfo::get_scalar ();
      for (size_t i = 1; i < types.size (); ++i)
        if (types[i] != scalar)
          return 0;

      return generate_matrix (types);
    }

  return 0;
}

llvm::Value *
jit_index_operation::create_arg_array (llvm::IRBuilderD& builder,
                                       const jit_function &fn, size_t start_idx,
                                       size_t end_idx) const
{
  size_t n = end_idx - start_idx;
  llvm::Type *scalar_t = jit_typeinfo::get_scalar_llvm ();
  llvm::ArrayType *array_t = llvm::ArrayType::get (scalar_t, n);
  llvm::Value *array = llvm::UndefValue::get (array_t);
  for (size_t i = start_idx; i < end_idx; ++i)
    {
      llvm::Value *idx = fn.argument (builder, i);
      array = builder.CreateInsertValue (array, idx, i - start_idx);
    }

  llvm::Value *array_mem = builder.CreateAlloca (array_t);
  builder.CreateStore (array, array_mem);
  return builder.CreateBitCast (array_mem, scalar_t->getPointerTo ());
}

// -------------------- jit_paren_subsref --------------------
jit_function *
jit_paren_subsref::generate_matrix (const signature_vec& types) const
{
  std::stringstream ss;
  ss << "jit_paren_subsref_matrix_scalar" << (types.size () - 1);

  jit_type *scalar = jit_typeinfo::get_scalar ();
  jit_function *fn = new jit_function (module, jit_convention::internal,
                                       ss.str (), scalar, types);
  fn->mark_can_error ();
  llvm::BasicBlock *body = fn->new_block ();
  llvm::IRBuilder<> builder (body);

  llvm::Value *array = create_arg_array (builder, *fn, 1, types.size ());
  jit_type *index = jit_typeinfo::get_index ();
  llvm::Value *nelem = llvm::ConstantInt::get (index->to_llvm (),
                                               types.size () - 1);
  llvm::Value *mat = fn->argument (builder, 0);
  llvm::Value *ret = paren_scalar.call (builder, mat, array, nelem);
  fn->do_return (builder, ret);
  return fn;
}

void
jit_paren_subsref::do_initialize (void)
{
  std::vector<jit_type *> types (3);
  types[0] = jit_typeinfo::get_matrix ();
  types[1] = jit_typeinfo::get_scalar_ptr ();
  types[2] = jit_typeinfo::get_index ();

  jit_type *scalar = jit_typeinfo::get_scalar ();
  paren_scalar = jit_function (module, jit_convention::external,
                               "octave_jit_paren_scalar", scalar, types);
  paren_scalar.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_paren_scalar);
  paren_scalar.mark_can_error ();
}

// -------------------- jit_paren_subsasgn --------------------
jit_function *
jit_paren_subsasgn::generate_matrix (const signature_vec& types) const
{
  std::stringstream ss;
  ss << "jit_paren_subsasgn_matrix_scalar" << (types.size () - 2);

  jit_type *matrix = jit_typeinfo::get_matrix ();
  jit_function *fn = new jit_function (module, jit_convention::internal,
                                       ss.str (), matrix, types);
  fn->mark_can_error ();
  llvm::BasicBlock *body = fn->new_block ();
  llvm::IRBuilder<> builder (body);

  llvm::Value *array = create_arg_array (builder, *fn, 1, types.size () - 1);
  jit_type *index = jit_typeinfo::get_index ();
  llvm::Value *nelem = llvm::ConstantInt::get (index->to_llvm (),
                                               types.size () - 2);

  llvm::Value *mat = fn->argument (builder, 0);
  llvm::Value *value = fn->argument (builder, types.size () - 1);
  llvm::Value *ret = paren_scalar.call (builder, mat, array, nelem, value);
  fn->do_return (builder, ret);
  return fn;
}

void
jit_paren_subsasgn::do_initialize (void)
{
  if (paren_scalar.valid ())
    return;

  jit_type *matrix = jit_typeinfo::get_matrix ();
  std::vector<jit_type *> types (4);
  types[0] = matrix;
  types[1] = jit_typeinfo::get_scalar_ptr ();
  types[2] = jit_typeinfo::get_index ();
  types[3] = jit_typeinfo::get_scalar ();

  paren_scalar = jit_function (module, jit_convention::external,
                               "octave_jit_paren_scalar", matrix, types);
  paren_scalar.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_paren_scalar_subsasgn);
  paren_scalar.mark_can_error ();
}

// -------------------- jit_typeinfo --------------------
void
jit_typeinfo::initialize (llvm::Module *m, llvm::ExecutionEngine *e)
{
  new jit_typeinfo (m, e);
}

jit_typeinfo::jit_typeinfo (llvm::Module *m, llvm::ExecutionEngine *e)
  : module (m), engine (e), next_id (0),
    builder (*new llvm::IRBuilderD (context))
{
  instance = this;

  // FIXME: We should be registering types like in octave_value_typeinfo
  llvm::Type *any_t = llvm::StructType::create (context, "octave_base_value");
  any_t = any_t->getPointerTo ();

  llvm::Type *scalar_t = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy (context);
  llvm::Type *bool_t = llvm::Type::getInt1Ty (context);
  llvm::Type *string_t = llvm::Type::getInt8Ty (context);
  string_t = string_t->getPointerTo ();
  llvm::Type *index_t = llvm::Type::getIntNTy (context,
                                               sizeof(octave_idx_type) * 8);

  llvm::StructType *range_t = llvm::StructType::create (context, "range");
  std::vector<llvm::Type *> range_contents (4, scalar_t);
  range_contents[3] = index_t;
  range_t->setBody (range_contents);

  llvm::Type *refcount_t = llvm::Type::getIntNTy (context, sizeof(int) * 8);

  llvm::StructType *matrix_t = llvm::StructType::create (context, "matrix");
  llvm::Type *matrix_contents[5];
  matrix_contents[0] = refcount_t->getPointerTo ();
  matrix_contents[1] = scalar_t->getPointerTo ();
  matrix_contents[2] = index_t;
  matrix_contents[3] = index_t->getPointerTo ();
  matrix_contents[4] = string_t;
  matrix_t->setBody (llvm::makeArrayRef (matrix_contents, 5));

  llvm::Type *complex_t = llvm::VectorType::get (scalar_t, 2);

  // complex_ret is what is passed to C functions in order to get calling
  // convention right
  complex_ret = llvm::StructType::create (context, "complex_ret");
  llvm::Type *complex_ret_contents[] = {scalar_t, scalar_t};
  complex_ret->setBody (complex_ret_contents);

  // create types
  any = new_type ("any", 0, any_t);
  matrix = new_type ("matrix", any, matrix_t);
  complex = new_type ("complex", any, complex_t);
  scalar = new_type ("scalar", complex, scalar_t);
  scalar_ptr = new_type ("scalar_ptr", 0, scalar_t->getPointerTo ());
  range = new_type ("range", any, range_t);
  string = new_type ("string", any, string_t);
  boolean = new_type ("bool", any, bool_t);
  index = new_type ("index", any, index_t);

  create_int (8);
  create_int (16);
  create_int (32);
  create_int (64);

  casts.resize (next_id + 1);
  identities.resize (next_id + 1);

  // specify calling conventions
  // FIXME: We should detect architecture and do something sane based on that
  // here we assume x86 or x86_64
  matrix->mark_sret ();
  matrix->mark_pointer_arg ();

  range->mark_sret ();
  range->mark_pointer_arg ();

  complex->set_pack (jit_convention::external, &jit_typeinfo::pack_complex);
  complex->set_unpack (jit_convention::external, &jit_typeinfo::unpack_complex);
  complex->set_packed_type (jit_convention::external, complex_ret);

  if (sizeof (void *) == 4)
    complex->mark_sret ();

  paren_subsref_fn.initialize (module, engine);
  paren_subsasgn_fn.initialize (module, engine);

  // bind global variables
  lerror_state = new llvm::GlobalVariable (*module, bool_t, false,
                                           llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
                                           0, "error_state");
  engine->addGlobalMapping (lerror_state,
                            reinterpret_cast<void *> (&error_state));

  // any with anything is an any op
  jit_function fn;
  jit_type *binary_op_type = intN (sizeof (octave_value::binary_op) * 8);
  llvm::Type *llvm_bo_type = binary_op_type->to_llvm ();
  jit_function any_binary = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                                             "octave_jit_binary_any_any",
                                             any, binary_op_type, any, any);
  any_binary.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_binary_any_any);
  any_binary.mark_can_error ();
  binary_ops.resize (octave_value::num_binary_ops);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < octave_value::num_binary_ops; ++i)
    {
      octave_value::binary_op op = static_cast<octave_value::binary_op> (i);
      std::string op_name = octave_value::binary_op_as_string (op);
      binary_ops[i].stash_name ("binary" + op_name);
    }

  for (int op = 0; op < octave_value::num_binary_ops; ++op)
    {
      llvm::Twine fn_name ("octave_jit_binary_any_any_");
      fn_name = fn_name + llvm::Twine (op);

      fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, fn_name, any, any, any);
      fn.mark_can_error ();
      llvm::BasicBlock *block = fn.new_block ();
      builder.SetInsertPoint (block);
      llvm::APInt op_int(sizeof (octave_value::binary_op) * 8, op,
                         std::numeric_limits<octave_value::binary_op>::is_signed);
      llvm::Value *op_as_llvm = llvm::ConstantInt::get (llvm_bo_type, op_int);
      llvm::Value *ret = any_binary.call (builder, op_as_llvm,
                                          fn.argument (builder, 0),
                                          fn.argument (builder, 1));
      fn.do_return (builder, ret);
      binary_ops[op].add_overload (fn);
    }

  // grab any
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_grab_any", any,
                        any);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_grab_any);
  grab_fn.add_overload (fn);
  grab_fn.stash_name ("grab");

  // grab matrix
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_grab_matrix",
                        matrix, matrix);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_grab_matrix);
  grab_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // release any
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_release_any", 0,
                        any);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_release_any);
  release_fn.add_overload (fn);
  release_fn.stash_name ("release");

  // release matrix
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_release_matrix",
                        0, matrix);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_release_matrix);
  release_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // release scalar
  fn = create_identity (scalar);
  release_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // release complex
  fn = create_identity (complex);
  release_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // release index
  fn = create_identity (index);
  release_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // now for binary scalar operations
  // FIXME: Finish all operations
  add_binary_op (scalar, octave_value::op_add, llvm::Instruction::FAdd);
  add_binary_op (scalar, octave_value::op_sub, llvm::Instruction::FSub);
  add_binary_op (scalar, octave_value::op_mul, llvm::Instruction::FMul);
  add_binary_op (scalar, octave_value::op_el_mul, llvm::Instruction::FMul);

  add_binary_fcmp (scalar, octave_value::op_lt, llvm::CmpInst::FCMP_ULT);
  add_binary_fcmp (scalar, octave_value::op_le, llvm::CmpInst::FCMP_ULE);
  add_binary_fcmp (scalar, octave_value::op_eq, llvm::CmpInst::FCMP_UEQ);
  add_binary_fcmp (scalar, octave_value::op_ge, llvm::CmpInst::FCMP_UGE);
  add_binary_fcmp (scalar, octave_value::op_gt, llvm::CmpInst::FCMP_UGT);
  add_binary_fcmp (scalar, octave_value::op_ne, llvm::CmpInst::FCMP_UNE);

  jit_function gripe_div0 = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                                             "gripe_divide_by_zero", 0);
  gripe_div0.add_mapping (engine, &gripe_divide_by_zero);
  gripe_div0.mark_can_error ();

  // divide is annoying because it might error
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal,
                        "octave_jit_div_scalar_scalar", scalar, scalar, scalar);
  fn.mark_can_error ();

  llvm::BasicBlock *body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::BasicBlock *warn_block = fn.new_block ("warn");
    llvm::BasicBlock *normal_block = fn.new_block ("normal");

    llvm::Value *zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get (scalar_t, 0);
    llvm::Value *check = builder.CreateFCmpUEQ (zero, fn.argument (builder, 1));
    builder.CreateCondBr (check, warn_block, normal_block);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (warn_block);
    gripe_div0.call (builder);
    builder.CreateBr (normal_block);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (normal_block);
    llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateFDiv (fn.argument (builder, 0),
                                           fn.argument (builder, 1));
    fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  }
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_div].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_div].add_overload (fn);

  // ldiv is the same as div with the operators reversed
  fn = mirror_binary (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_ldiv].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_ldiv].add_overload (fn);

  // In general, the result of scalar ^ scalar is a complex number. We might be
  // able to improve on this if we keep track of the range of values varaibles
  // can take on.
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                        "octave_jit_pow_scalar_scalar", complex, scalar,
                        scalar);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_pow_scalar_scalar);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_pow].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_pow].add_overload (fn);

  // now for binary complex operations
  add_binary_op (complex, octave_value::op_add, llvm::Instruction::FAdd);
  add_binary_op (complex, octave_value::op_sub, llvm::Instruction::FSub);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal,
                        "octave_jit_*_complex_complex", complex, complex,
                        complex);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    // (x0*x1 - y0*y1, x0*y1 + y0*x1) = (x0,y0) * (x1,y1)
    // We compute this in one vectorized multiplication, a subtraction, and an
    // addition.
    llvm::Value *lhs = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *rhs = fn.argument (builder, 1);

    // FIXME: We need a better way of doing this, working with llvm's IR
    // directly is sort of a pain.
    llvm::Value *zero = builder.getInt32 (0);
    llvm::Value *one = builder.getInt32 (1);
    llvm::Value *two = builder.getInt32 (2);
    llvm::Value *three = builder.getInt32 (3);

    llvm::Type *vec4 = llvm::VectorType::get (scalar_t, 4);
    llvm::Value *mlhs = llvm::UndefValue::get (vec4);
    llvm::Value *mrhs = mlhs;

    llvm::Value *temp = complex_real (lhs);
    mlhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mlhs, temp, zero);
    mlhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mlhs, temp, two);
    temp = complex_imag (lhs);
    mlhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mlhs, temp, one);
    mlhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mlhs, temp, three);

    temp = complex_real (rhs);
    mrhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mrhs, temp, zero);
    mrhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mrhs, temp, three);
    temp = complex_imag (rhs);
    mrhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mrhs, temp, one);
    mrhs = builder.CreateInsertElement (mrhs, temp, two);

    llvm::Value *mres = builder.CreateFMul (mlhs, mrhs);
    llvm::Value *tlhs = builder.CreateExtractElement (mres, zero);
    llvm::Value *trhs = builder.CreateExtractElement (mres, one);
    llvm::Value *ret_real = builder.CreateFSub (tlhs, trhs);

    tlhs = builder.CreateExtractElement (mres, two);
    trhs = builder.CreateExtractElement (mres, three);
    llvm::Value *ret_imag = builder.CreateFAdd (tlhs, trhs);
    fn.do_return (builder, complex_new (ret_real, ret_imag));
  }

  binary_ops[octave_value::op_mul].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_mul].add_overload (fn);

  jit_function complex_div = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                                              "octave_jit_complex_div",
                                              complex, complex, complex);
  complex_div.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_complex_div);
  complex_div.mark_can_error ();
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_div].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_ldiv].add_overload (fn);

  fn = mirror_binary (complex_div);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_ldiv].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_ldiv].add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                        "octave_jit_pow_complex_complex", complex, complex,
                        complex);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_pow_complex_complex);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_pow].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_pow].add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal,
                        "octave_jit_*_scalar_complex", complex, scalar,
                        complex);
  jit_function mul_scalar_complex = fn;
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *lhs = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *tlhs = complex_new (lhs, lhs);
    llvm::Value *rhs = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    fn.do_return (builder, builder.CreateFMul (tlhs, rhs));
  }
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_mul].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_mul].add_overload (fn);


  fn = mirror_binary (mul_scalar_complex);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_mul].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_mul].add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_+_scalar_complex",
                        complex, scalar, complex);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *lhs = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *rhs = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    llvm::Value *real = builder.CreateFAdd (lhs, complex_real (rhs));
    fn.do_return (builder, complex_real (rhs, real));
  }
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_add].add_overload (fn);

  fn = mirror_binary (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_add].add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_-_complex_scalar",
                        complex, complex, scalar);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *lhs = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *rhs = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    llvm::Value *real = builder.CreateFSub (complex_real (lhs), rhs);
    fn.do_return (builder, complex_real (lhs, real));
  }
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_sub].add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_-_scalar_complex",
                        complex, scalar, complex);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *lhs = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *rhs = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    llvm::Value *real = builder.CreateFSub (lhs, complex_real (rhs));
    fn.do_return (builder, complex_real (rhs, real));
  }
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_sub].add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                        "octave_jit_pow_scalar_complex", complex, scalar,
                        complex);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_pow_scalar_complex);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_pow].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_pow].add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                        "octave_jit_pow_complex_scalar", complex, complex,
                        scalar);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_pow_complex_scalar);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_pow].add_overload (fn);
  binary_ops[octave_value::op_el_pow].add_overload (fn);

  // now for binary index operators
  add_binary_op (index, octave_value::op_add, llvm::Instruction::Add);

  // and binary bool operators
  add_binary_op (boolean, octave_value::op_el_or, llvm::Instruction::Or);
  add_binary_op (boolean, octave_value::op_el_and, llvm::Instruction::And);

  // now for printing functions
  print_fn.stash_name ("print");
  add_print (any, reinterpret_cast<void *> (&octave_jit_print_any));
  add_print (scalar, reinterpret_cast<void *> (&octave_jit_print_scalar));

  // initialize for loop
  for_init_fn.stash_name ("for_init");

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_for_range_init",
                        index, range);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get (index_t, 0);
    fn.do_return (builder, zero);
  }
  for_init_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // bounds check for for loop
  for_check_fn.stash_name ("for_check");

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_for_range_check",
                        boolean, range, index);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *nelem
      = builder.CreateExtractValue (fn.argument (builder, 0), 3);
    llvm::Value *idx = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateICmpULT (idx, nelem);
    fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  }
  for_check_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // index variabe for for loop
  for_index_fn.stash_name ("for_index");

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_for_range_idx",
                        scalar, range, index);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *idx = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    llvm::Value *didx = builder.CreateSIToFP (idx, scalar_t);
    llvm::Value *rng = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *base = builder.CreateExtractValue (rng, 0);
    llvm::Value *inc = builder.CreateExtractValue (rng, 2);

    llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateFMul (didx, inc);
    ret = builder.CreateFAdd (base, ret);
    fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  }
  for_index_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // logically true
  logically_true_fn.stash_name ("logically_true");

  jit_function gripe_nantl
    = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                       "octave_jit_gripe_nan_to_logical_conversion", 0);
  gripe_nantl.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_gripe_nan_to_logical_conversion);
  gripe_nantl.mark_can_error ();

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal,
                        "octave_jit_logically_true_scalar", boolean, scalar);
  fn.mark_can_error ();

  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::BasicBlock *error_block = fn.new_block ("error");
    llvm::BasicBlock *normal_block = fn.new_block ("normal");

    llvm::Value *check = builder.CreateFCmpUNE (fn.argument (builder, 0),
                                                fn.argument (builder, 0));
    builder.CreateCondBr (check, error_block, normal_block);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (error_block);
    gripe_nantl.call (builder);
    builder.CreateBr (normal_block);
    builder.SetInsertPoint (normal_block);

    llvm::Value *zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get (scalar_t, 0);
    llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateFCmpONE (fn.argument (builder, 0), zero);
    fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  }
  logically_true_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // logically_true boolean
  fn = create_identity (boolean);
  logically_true_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // make_range
  // FIXME: May be benificial to implement all in LLVM
  make_range_fn.stash_name ("make_range");
  jit_function compute_nelem
    = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_compute_nelem",
                       index, scalar, scalar, scalar);
  compute_nelem.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_compute_nelem);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_make_range",
                        range, scalar, scalar, scalar);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *base = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *limit = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    llvm::Value *inc = fn.argument (builder, 2);
    llvm::Value *nelem = compute_nelem.call (builder, base, limit, inc);

    llvm::Value *dzero = llvm::ConstantFP::get (scalar_t, 0);
    llvm::Value *izero = llvm::ConstantInt::get (index_t, 0);
    llvm::Value *rng = llvm::ConstantStruct::get (range_t, dzero, dzero, dzero,
                                                  izero, NULL);
    rng = builder.CreateInsertValue (rng, base, 0);
    rng = builder.CreateInsertValue (rng, limit, 1);
    rng = builder.CreateInsertValue (rng, inc, 2);
    rng = builder.CreateInsertValue (rng, nelem, 3);
    fn.do_return (builder, rng);
  }
  make_range_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // paren_subsref
  jit_type *jit_int = intN (sizeof (int) * 8);
  llvm::Type *int_t = jit_int->to_llvm ();
  jit_function ginvalid_index
    = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_ginvalid_index",
                       0);
  ginvalid_index.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_ginvalid_index);
  jit_function gindex_range = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                                               "octave_jit_gindex_range",
                                               0, jit_int, jit_int, index,
                                               index);
  gindex_range.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_gindex_range);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "()subsref", scalar, matrix,
                        scalar);
  fn.mark_can_error ();

  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *one = llvm::ConstantInt::get (index_t, 1);
    llvm::Value *ione;
    if (index_t == int_t)
      ione = one;
    else
      ione = llvm::ConstantInt::get (int_t, 1);

    llvm::Value *undef = llvm::UndefValue::get (scalar_t);
    llvm::Value *mat = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *idx = fn.argument (builder, 1);

    // convert index to scalar to integer, and check index >= 1
    llvm::Value *int_idx = builder.CreateFPToSI (idx, index_t);
    llvm::Value *check_idx = builder.CreateSIToFP (int_idx, scalar_t);
    llvm::Value *cond0 = builder.CreateFCmpUNE (idx, check_idx);
    llvm::Value *cond1 = builder.CreateICmpSLT (int_idx, one);
    llvm::Value *cond = builder.CreateOr (cond0, cond1);

    llvm::BasicBlock *done = fn.new_block ("done");
    llvm::BasicBlock *conv_error = fn.new_block ("conv_error", done);
    llvm::BasicBlock *normal = fn.new_block ("normal", done);
    builder.CreateCondBr (cond, conv_error, normal);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (conv_error);
    ginvalid_index.call (builder);
    builder.CreateBr (done);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (normal);
    llvm::Value *len = builder.CreateExtractValue (mat,
                                                   llvm::ArrayRef<unsigned> (2));
    cond = builder.CreateICmpSGT (int_idx, len);


    llvm::BasicBlock *bounds_error = fn.new_block ("bounds_error", done);
    llvm::BasicBlock *success = fn.new_block ("success", done);
    builder.CreateCondBr (cond, bounds_error, success);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (bounds_error);
    gindex_range.call (builder, ione, ione, int_idx, len);
    builder.CreateBr (done);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (success);
    llvm::Value *data = builder.CreateExtractValue (mat,
                                                    llvm::ArrayRef<unsigned> (1));
    llvm::Value *gep = builder.CreateInBoundsGEP (data, int_idx);
    llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateLoad (gep);
    builder.CreateBr (done);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (done);

    llvm::PHINode *merge = llvm::PHINode::Create (scalar_t, 3);
    builder.Insert (merge);
    merge->addIncoming (undef, conv_error);
    merge->addIncoming (undef, bounds_error);
    merge->addIncoming (ret, success);
    fn.do_return (builder, merge);
  }
  paren_subsref_fn.add_overload (fn);

  // paren subsasgn
  paren_subsasgn_fn.stash_name ("()subsasgn");

  jit_function resize_paren_subsasgn
    = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                       "octave_jit_paren_subsasgn_impl", matrix, matrix, index,
                       scalar);
  resize_paren_subsasgn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_paren_subsasgn_impl);
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_paren_subsasgn",
                        matrix, matrix, scalar, scalar);
  fn.mark_can_error ();
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *one = llvm::ConstantInt::get (index_t, 1);

    llvm::Value *mat = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *idx = fn.argument (builder, 1);
    llvm::Value *value = fn.argument (builder, 2);

    llvm::Value *int_idx = builder.CreateFPToSI (idx, index_t);
    llvm::Value *check_idx = builder.CreateSIToFP (int_idx, scalar_t);
    llvm::Value *cond0 = builder.CreateFCmpUNE (idx, check_idx);
    llvm::Value *cond1 = builder.CreateICmpSLT (int_idx, one);
    llvm::Value *cond = builder.CreateOr (cond0, cond1);

    llvm::BasicBlock *done = fn.new_block ("done");

    llvm::BasicBlock *conv_error = fn.new_block ("conv_error", done);
    llvm::BasicBlock *normal = fn.new_block ("normal", done);
    builder.CreateCondBr (cond, conv_error, normal);
    builder.SetInsertPoint (conv_error);
    ginvalid_index.call (builder);
    builder.CreateBr (done);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (normal);
    llvm::Value *len = builder.CreateExtractValue (mat, 2);
    cond0 = builder.CreateICmpSGT (int_idx, len);

    llvm::Value *rcount = builder.CreateExtractValue (mat, 0);
    rcount = builder.CreateLoad (rcount);
    cond1 = builder.CreateICmpSGT (rcount, one);
    cond = builder.CreateOr (cond0, cond1);

    llvm::BasicBlock *bounds_error = fn.new_block ("bounds_error", done);
    llvm::BasicBlock *success = fn.new_block ("success", done);
    builder.CreateCondBr (cond, bounds_error, success);

    // resize on out of bounds access
    builder.SetInsertPoint (bounds_error);
    llvm::Value *resize_result = resize_paren_subsasgn.call (builder, mat,
                                                             int_idx, value);
    builder.CreateBr (done);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (success);
    llvm::Value *data = builder.CreateExtractValue (mat,
                                                    llvm::ArrayRef<unsigned> (1));
    llvm::Value *gep = builder.CreateInBoundsGEP (data, int_idx);
    builder.CreateStore (value, gep);
    builder.CreateBr (done);

    builder.SetInsertPoint (done);

    llvm::PHINode *merge = llvm::PHINode::Create (matrix_t, 3);
    builder.Insert (merge);
    merge->addIncoming (mat, conv_error);
    merge->addIncoming (resize_result, bounds_error);
    merge->addIncoming (mat, success);
    fn.do_return (builder, merge);
  }
  paren_subsasgn_fn.add_overload (fn);

  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external,
                        "octave_jit_paren_subsasgn_matrix_range", matrix,
                        matrix, range, scalar);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_paren_subsasgn_matrix_range);
  fn.mark_can_error ();
  paren_subsasgn_fn.add_overload (fn);

  end_fn.stash_name ("end");
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "octave_jit_end_matrix",
                        scalar, matrix);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *mat = fn.argument (builder, 0);
    llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateExtractValue (mat, 2);
    fn.do_return (builder, builder.CreateSIToFP (ret, scalar_t));
  }
  end_fn.add_overload (fn);

  casts[any->type_id ()].stash_name ("(any)");
  casts[scalar->type_id ()].stash_name ("(scalar)");
  casts[complex->type_id ()].stash_name ("(complex)");
  casts[matrix->type_id ()].stash_name ("(matrix)");
  casts[any->type_id ()].stash_name ("(range)");

  // cast any <- matrix
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_any_matrix",
                        any, matrix);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_any_matrix);
  casts[any->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast matrix <- any
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_matrix_any",
                        matrix, any);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_matrix_any);
  casts[matrix->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast any <- range
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_any_range",
                        any, range);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_any_range);
  casts[any->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast range <- any
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_range_any",
                        range, any);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_range_any);
  casts[range->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast any <- scalar
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_any_scalar",
                        any, scalar);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_any_scalar);
  casts[any->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast scalar <- any
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_scalar_any",
                        scalar, any);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_scalar_any);
  casts[scalar->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast any <- complex
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_any_complex",
                        any, complex);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_any_complex);
  casts[any->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast complex <- any
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, "octave_jit_cast_complex_any",
                        complex, any);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, &octave_jit_cast_complex_any);
  casts[complex->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast complex <- scalar
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal,
                        "octave_jit_cast_complex_scalar", complex, scalar);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  {
    llvm::Value *zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get (scalar_t, 0);
    fn.do_return (builder, complex_new (fn.argument (builder, 0), zero));
  }
  casts[complex->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast scalar <- complex
  fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal,
                        "octave_jit_cast_scalar_complex", scalar, complex);
  body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  fn.do_return (builder, complex_real (fn.argument (builder, 0)));
  casts[scalar->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast any <- any
  fn = create_identity (any);
  casts[any->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast scalar <- scalar
  fn = create_identity (scalar);
  casts[scalar->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // cast complex <- complex
  fn = create_identity (complex);
  casts[complex->type_id ()].add_overload (fn);

  // -------------------- builtin functions --------------------
  add_builtin ("#unknown_function");
  unknown_function = builtins["#unknown_function"];

  add_builtin ("sin");
  register_intrinsic ("sin", llvm::Intrinsic::sin, scalar, scalar);
  register_generic ("sin", matrix, matrix);

  add_builtin ("cos");
  register_intrinsic ("cos", llvm::Intrinsic::cos, scalar, scalar);
  register_generic ("cos", matrix, matrix);

  add_builtin ("exp");
  register_intrinsic ("exp", llvm::Intrinsic::cos, scalar, scalar);
  register_generic ("exp", matrix, matrix);

  casts.resize (next_id + 1);
  jit_function any_id = create_identity (any);
  jit_function release_any = get_release (any);
  std::vector<jit_type *> args;
  args.resize (1);

  for (std::map<std::string, jit_type *>::iterator iter = builtins.begin ();
       iter != builtins.end (); ++iter)
    {
      jit_type *btype = iter->second;
      args[0] = btype;

      release_fn.add_overload (jit_function (release_any, 0, args));
      casts[any->type_id ()].add_overload (jit_function (any_id, any, args));

      args[0] = any;
      casts[btype->type_id ()].add_overload (jit_function (any_id, btype,
                                                           args));
    }
}

void
jit_typeinfo::add_print (jit_type *ty, void *fptr)
{
  std::stringstream name;
  name << "octave_jit_print_" << ty->name ();
  jit_function fn = create_function (jit_convention::external, name.str (), 0,
                                     intN (8), ty);
  fn.add_mapping (engine, fptr);
  print_fn.add_overload (fn);
}

// FIXME: cp between add_binary_op, add_binary_icmp, and add_binary_fcmp
void
jit_typeinfo::add_binary_op (jit_type *ty, int op, int llvm_op)
{
  std::stringstream fname;
  octave_value::binary_op ov_op = static_cast<octave_value::binary_op>(op);
  fname << "octave_jit_" << octave_value::binary_op_as_string (ov_op)
        << "_" << ty->name ();

  jit_function fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, fname.str (),
                                        ty, ty, ty);
  llvm::BasicBlock *block = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (block);
  llvm::Instruction::BinaryOps temp
    = static_cast<llvm::Instruction::BinaryOps>(llvm_op);

  llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateBinOp (temp, fn.argument (builder, 0),
                                          fn.argument (builder, 1));
  fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  binary_ops[op].add_overload (fn);
}

void
jit_typeinfo::add_binary_icmp (jit_type *ty, int op, int llvm_op)
{
  std::stringstream fname;
  octave_value::binary_op ov_op = static_cast<octave_value::binary_op>(op);
  fname << "octave_jit" << octave_value::binary_op_as_string (ov_op)
        << "_" << ty->name ();

  jit_function fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, fname.str (),
                                     boolean, ty, ty);
  llvm::BasicBlock *block = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (block);
  llvm::CmpInst::Predicate temp
    = static_cast<llvm::CmpInst::Predicate>(llvm_op);
  llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateICmp (temp, fn.argument (builder, 0),
                                         fn.argument (builder, 1));
  fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  binary_ops[op].add_overload (fn);
}

void
jit_typeinfo::add_binary_fcmp (jit_type *ty, int op, int llvm_op)
{
  std::stringstream fname;
  octave_value::binary_op ov_op = static_cast<octave_value::binary_op>(op);
  fname << "octave_jit" << octave_value::binary_op_as_string (ov_op)
        << "_" << ty->name ();

  jit_function fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, fname.str (),
                                     boolean, ty, ty);
  llvm::BasicBlock *block = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (block);
  llvm::CmpInst::Predicate temp
    = static_cast<llvm::CmpInst::Predicate>(llvm_op);
  llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateFCmp (temp, fn.argument (builder, 0),
                                         fn.argument (builder, 1));
  fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  binary_ops[op].add_overload (fn);
}

jit_function
jit_typeinfo::create_function (jit_convention::type cc, const llvm::Twine& name,
                               jit_type *ret,
                               const std::vector<jit_type *>& args)
{
  jit_function result (module, cc, name, ret, args);
  return result;
}

jit_function
jit_typeinfo::create_identity (jit_type *type)
{
  size_t id = type->type_id ();
  if (id >= identities.size ())
    identities.resize (id + 1);

  if (! identities[id].valid ())
    {
      jit_function fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, "id", type,
                                         type);
      llvm::BasicBlock *body = fn.new_block ();
      builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
      fn.do_return (builder, fn.argument (builder, 0));
      return identities[id] = fn;
    }

  return identities[id];
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::do_insert_error_check (llvm::IRBuilderD& abuilder)
{
  return abuilder.CreateLoad (lerror_state);
}

void
jit_typeinfo::add_builtin (const std::string& name)
{
  jit_type *btype = new_type (name, any, any->to_llvm ());
  builtins[name] = btype;

  octave_builtin *ov_builtin = find_builtin (name);
  if (ov_builtin)
    ov_builtin->stash_jit (*btype);
}

void
jit_typeinfo::register_intrinsic (const std::string& name, size_t iid,
                                  jit_type *result,
                                  const std::vector<jit_type *>& args)
{
  jit_type *builtin_type = builtins[name];
  size_t nargs = args.size ();
  llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Type *, 5> llvm_args (nargs);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
    llvm_args[i] = args[i]->to_llvm ();

  llvm::Intrinsic::ID id = static_cast<llvm::Intrinsic::ID> (iid);
  llvm::Function *ifun = llvm::Intrinsic::getDeclaration (module, id,
                                                          llvm_args);
  std::stringstream fn_name;
  fn_name << "octave_jit_" << name;

  std::vector<jit_type *> args1 (nargs + 1);
  args1[0] = builtin_type;
  std::copy (args.begin (), args.end (), args1.begin () + 1);

  // The first argument will be the Octave function, but we already know that
  // the function call is the equivalent of the intrinsic, so we ignore it and
  // call the intrinsic with the remaining arguments.
  jit_function fn = create_function (jit_convention::internal, fn_name.str (),
                                     result, args1);
  llvm::BasicBlock *body = fn.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);

  llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Value *, 5> fargs (nargs);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
    fargs[i] = fn.argument (builder, i + 1);

  llvm::Value *ret = builder.CreateCall (ifun, fargs);
  fn.do_return (builder, ret);
  paren_subsref_fn.add_overload (fn);
}

octave_builtin *
jit_typeinfo::find_builtin (const std::string& name)
{
  // FIXME: Finalize what we want to store in octave_builtin, then add functions
  // to access these values in octave_value
  octave_value ov_builtin = symbol_table::find (name);
  return dynamic_cast<octave_builtin *> (ov_builtin.internal_rep ());
}

void
jit_typeinfo::register_generic (const std::string&, jit_type *,
                                const std::vector<jit_type *>&)
{
  // FIXME: Implement
}

jit_function
jit_typeinfo::mirror_binary (const jit_function& fn)
{
  jit_function ret = create_function (jit_convention::internal,
                                      fn.name () + "_reverse",
                                      fn.result (), fn.argument_type (1),
                                      fn.argument_type (0));
  if (fn.can_error ())
    ret.mark_can_error ();

  llvm::BasicBlock *body = ret.new_block ();
  builder.SetInsertPoint (body);
  llvm::Value *result = fn.call (builder, ret.argument (builder, 1),
                                 ret.argument (builder, 0));
  if (ret.result ())
    ret.do_return (builder, result);
  else
    ret.do_return (builder);

  return ret;
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::pack_complex (llvm::IRBuilderD& bld, llvm::Value *cplx)
{
  llvm::Type *complex_ret = instance->complex_ret;
  llvm::Value *real = bld.CreateExtractElement (cplx, bld.getInt32 (0));
  llvm::Value *imag = bld.CreateExtractElement (cplx, bld.getInt32 (1));
  llvm::Value *ret = llvm::UndefValue::get (complex_ret);
  ret = bld.CreateInsertValue (ret, real, 0);
  return bld.CreateInsertValue (ret, imag, 1);
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::unpack_complex (llvm::IRBuilderD& bld, llvm::Value *result)
{
  llvm::Type *complex_t = get_complex ()->to_llvm ();
  llvm::Value *real = bld.CreateExtractValue (result, 0);
  llvm::Value *imag = bld.CreateExtractValue (result, 1);
  llvm::Value *ret = llvm::UndefValue::get (complex_t);
  ret = bld.CreateInsertElement (ret, real, bld.getInt32 (0));
  return bld.CreateInsertElement (ret, imag, bld.getInt32 (1));
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::complex_real (llvm::Value *cx)
{
  return builder.CreateExtractElement (cx, builder.getInt32 (0));
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::complex_real (llvm::Value *cx, llvm::Value *real)
{
  return builder.CreateInsertElement (cx, real, builder.getInt32 (0));
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::complex_imag (llvm::Value *cx)
{
  return builder.CreateExtractElement (cx, builder.getInt32 (1));
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::complex_imag (llvm::Value *cx, llvm::Value *imag)
{
  return builder.CreateInsertElement (cx, imag, builder.getInt32 (1));
}

llvm::Value *
jit_typeinfo::complex_new (llvm::Value *real, llvm::Value *imag)
{
  llvm::Value *ret = llvm::UndefValue::get (complex->to_llvm ());
  ret = complex_real (ret, real);
  return complex_imag (ret, imag);
}

void
jit_typeinfo::create_int (size_t nbits)
{
  std::stringstream tname;
  tname << "int" << nbits;
  ints[nbits] = new_type (tname.str (), any, llvm::Type::getIntNTy (context,
                                                                    nbits));
}

jit_type *
jit_typeinfo::intN (size_t nbits) const
{
  std::map<size_t, jit_type *>::const_iterator iter = ints.find (nbits);
  if (iter != ints.end ())
    return iter->second;

  throw jit_fail_exception ("No such integer type");
}

jit_type *
jit_typeinfo::do_type_of (const octave_value &ov) const
{
  if (ov.is_function ())
    {
      // FIXME: This is ugly, we need to finalize how we want to to this, then
      // have octave_value fully support the needed functionality
      octave_builtin *builtin
        = dynamic_cast<octave_builtin *> (ov.internal_rep ());
      return builtin && builtin->to_jit () ? builtin->to_jit ()
        : unknown_function;
    }

  if (ov.is_range ())
    return get_range ();

  if (ov.is_double_type ())
    {
      if (ov.is_real_scalar ())
        return get_scalar ();

      if (ov.is_matrix_type ())
        return get_matrix ();
    }

  if (ov.is_complex_scalar ())
    return get_complex ();

  return get_any ();
}

jit_type*
jit_typeinfo::new_type (const std::string& name, jit_type *parent,
                        llvm::Type *llvm_type)
{
  jit_type *ret = new jit_type (name, parent, llvm_type, next_id++);
  id_to_type.push_back (ret);
  return ret;
}

#endif