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author | John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org> |
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date | Tue, 19 Oct 2010 02:25:32 -0400 |
parents | 8ea4cf59c41b |
children | 0dd95d1d57e6 |
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Summary of important user-visible changes for version 3.4: --------------------------------------------------------- ** The fltk graphics backend now implements the following callback properties: keypressfcn, keyreleasefcn, windowbuttondownfcn, windowbuttonmotionfcn, windowbuttonupfcn, and currentpoint. These enable keyboard and mouse interaction, an example of which can be seen in the __fltk_ginput__.m script. ** BLAS and LAPACK libraries are now required to build Octave. The subset of the reference BLAS and LAPACK libraries has been removed from the Octave sources. ** The `lookup' function was extended to be more useful for general-purpose binary searching. Using this improvement, the ismember function was rewritten for significantly better performance. ** Real, integer and logical matrices, when used in indexing, will now cache the internal index_vector value (zero-based indices) when successfully used as indices, eliminating the conversion penalty for subsequent indexing by the same matrix. In particular, this means it is no longer needed to avoid repeated indexing by logical arrays using find for performance reasons. ** Logical matrices are now treated more efficiently when used as indices. Octave will keep the index as a logical mask unless the ratio of true elements is small enough, using a specialized code. Previously, all logical matrices were always first converted to index vectors. This results in savings in both memory and computing time. ** The `sub2ind' and `ind2sub' functions were reimplemented as compiled functions for better performance. These functions are now faster, can deliver more economized results for ranges, and can reuse the index cache mechanism described in previous paragraph. ** The built-in function equivalents to associative operators (`plus', `times', `mtimes', `and', and `or') have been extended to accept multiple arguments. This is especially useful for summing (multiplying, etc.) lists of objects (of possibly distinct types): matrix_sum = plus (matrix_list{:}); ** An FTP object type based on libcurl has been implemented. These objects allow ftp connections, downloads and uploads to be managed. For example, fp = ftp ("ftp.octave.org); cd (fp, "gnu/octave"); mget (fp, "octave-3.2.3.tar.bz2"); close (fp); ** The default behavior of `assert (observed, expected)' has been relaxed to employ less strict checking that does not require the internals of the values to match. This avoids previously valid tests from breaking due to new internal classes introduced in future Octave versions. For instance, all of these assertions were true in Octave 3.0.x but false in 3.2.x due to new optimizations and improvements: assert (2*linspace (1, 5, 5), 2*(1:5)) assert (zeros (0, 0), []) assert (2*ones (1, 5), (2) (ones (1,5))) ** The behavior of library functions `ismatrix', `issquare', and `issymmetric' has been changed for better consistency. * The `ismatrix' function now returns true for all numeric, logical and character 2d or Nd matrices. Previously, `ismatrix' returned false if the first or second dimension was zero. Hence, `ismatrix ([])' was false, while `ismatrix (zeros (1,2,0))' was true. * The `issquare' function now returns a logical scalar, and is equivalent to the expression ismatrix (x) && ndims (x) == 2 && rows (x) == columns (x) The dimension is no longer returned. As a result, `issquare ([])' now yields true. * The `issymmetric' function now checks for symmetry instead of hermitianness. For the latter, ishermitian was created. Also, logical scalar is returned rather than the dimension, so `issymmetric ([])' is now true. ** Function handles are now aware of overloaded functions. If a function is overloaded, the handle determines at the time of its reference which function to call. A non-overloaded version does not need to exist. ** Overloading functions for built-in classes (double, int8, cell, etc.) is now compatible with Matlab. ** Function handles can now be compared with the == and != operators, as well as the `isequal' function. ** Performance of concatenation (using []) and the functions `cat', `horzcat', and `vertcat' has been improved for multidimensional arrays. ** The operation-assignment operators +=, -=, *= and /= now behave more efficiently in certain cases. For instance, if M is a matrix and S a scalar, then the statement M += S; will operate on M's data in-place if it is not shared by another variable, usually increasing both time and memory efficiency. Only selected common combinations are affected, namely: matrix += matrix matrix -= matrix matrix .*= matrix matrix ./= matrix matrix += scalar matrix -= scalar matrix *= scalar matrix /= scalar logical matrix |= logical matrix logical matrix &= logical matrix where matrix and scalar belong to the same class. The left-hand side must be a simple variable reference. Moreover, when unary operators occur in expressions, Octave will also try to do the operation in-place if it's argument is a temporary expresssion. ** The effect of comparison operators (<, >, <=, and >=) applied to complex numbers has changed to be consistent with the strict ordering defined by the `max', `min', and `sort' functions. More specifically, complex numbers are compared by lexicographical comparison of the pairs `[abs(z), arg(z)]'. Previously, only real parts were compared; this can be trivially achieved by wrapping the operands in real(). ** The automatic simplification of complex computation results has changed. Octave will now simplify any complex number with a zero imaginary part or any complex matrix with all elements having zero imaginary part to a real value. Previously, this was done only for positive zeros. Note that the behavior of the complex function is unchanged and it still produces a complex value even if the imaginary part is zero. ** As a side effect of code refactoring in liboctave, the binary logical operations are now more easily amenable to compiler optimizations and are thus significantly faster. ** Octave now allows user-defined `subsasgn' methods to optimize out redundant copies. For more information, see the manual. ** More efficient matrix division handling. Octave is now able to handle the expressions M' \ V M.' \ V V / M (M is a matrix and V is a vector) more efficiently in certain cases. In particular, if M is triangular, all three expressions will be handled by a single call to xTRTRS (from LAPACK), with appropriate flags. Previously, all three expressions required a physical transpose of M. ** More efficient handling of certain mixed real-complex matrix operations. For instance, if RM is a real matrix and CM a complex matrix, RM * CM can now be evaluated either as complex (RM * real (CM), RM * imag (CM)) or as complex (RM) * CM, depending on the dimensions. The first form requires more temporaries and copying, but halves the FLOP count, which normally brings better performance if RM has enough rows. Previously, the second form was always used. Matrix division is similarly affected. ** More efficient handling of triangular matrix factors returned from factorizations. The functions for computing QR, LU and Cholesky factorizations will now automatically return the triangular matrix factors with proper internal matrix_type set, so that it won't need to be computed when the matrix is used for division. ** The built-in `sum' function now handles the non-native summation (i.e., double precision sum of single or integer inputs) more efficiently, avoiding a temporary conversion of the whole input array to doubles. Further, `sum' can now accept an extra option argument, using a compensated summation algorithm rather than a straightforward sum, which significantly improves precision if lots of cancellation occurs in the summation. ** The built-in `bsxfun' function now uses optimized code for certain cases where built-in operator handles are passed in. Namely, the optimizations concern the operators `plus', `minus', `times', `ldivide', `rdivide', `power', `and', `or' (for logical arrays), the relational operators `eq', `ne', `lt', `le', `gt', `ge', and the functions `min' and `max'. Optimizations only apply when both operands are of the same built-in class. Mixed real/complex and single/double operations will first convert both operands to a common type. ** The `strfind' and `strrep' functions now have compiled implementations, facilitating significantly more efficient searching and replacing in strings, especially with longer patterns. The code of `strcat' has been vectorized and is now much more efficient when many strings are concatenated. The `strcmpi' and `strncmpi' functions are now built-in functions, providing better performance. ** Matlab-style ignoring input and output function arguments using tilde (~) is now supported. Ignored output arguments may be detected from a function using the built-in function `isargout'. For more details, consult the manual. ** The list datatype, deprecated since the introduction of cells, has been removed. ** The accumarray function has been optimized and is now significantly faster in certain important cases. ** The behavior of isreal and isnumeric functions was changed to be more Matlab-compatible. ** The integer math & conversion warnings (Octave:int-convert-nan, Octave:int-convert-non-int-val, Octave:int-convert-overflow, Octave:int-math-overflow) have been removed. ** rem and mod are now built-in functions. They also handle integer types efficiently using integer arithmetic. ** Sparse indexing and indexed assignment has been mostly rewritten. Since Octave uses compressed column storage for sparse matrices, major attention is devoted to operations manipulating whole columns. Such operations are now significantly faster, as well as some other important cases. Further, it is now possible to pre-allocate a sparse matrix and subsequently fill it by assignments, provided they meet certain conditions. For more information, consult the `spalloc' function, which is no longer a mere dummy. Consequently, nzmax and nnz are no longer always equal in Octave. Octave may also produce a matrix with nnz < nzmax as a result of other operations, so you should consistently use nnz unless you really want to use nzmax (i.e. the space allocated for nonzero elements). Sparse concatenation is also affected, and concatenating sparse matrices, especially larger collections, is now significantly more efficient. This applies to both the [] operator and the cat/vertcat/horzcat functions. ** It is now possible to optionally employ the xGESDD LAPACK drivers for computing the singular value decomposition using svd(), instead of the default xGESVD, using the configuration pseudo-variable svd_driver. The xGESDD driver can be up to 6x times faster when singular vectors are requested, but is reported to be somewhat less robust on highly ill-conditioned matrices. ** Configuration pseudo-variables, such as page_screen_output or confirm_recursive_rmdir (or the above mentioned svd_driver), now accept a "local" option as second argument, requesting the change to be undone when current function returns: function [status, msg] = rm_rf (dir) confirm_recursive_rmdir (false, "local"); [status, msg] = rmdir (dir, "s"); ... endfunction Upon return, confirm_recursive_rmdir will be restored to the value it had on entry to the function, even if there were subsequent changes to the variable in function rm_rf or any of the functions it calls. ** pkg now accepts a -forge option for downloading and installing packages from Octave Forge automatically. For example, pkg install -forge general will automatically download the latest release of the general package and attempt to install it. No automatic resolving of dependencies is provided. Further, pkg list -forge can be used to list all available packages. ** The internal data representation of structs has been completely rewritten to make certain optimizations feasible. The field data can now be shared between structs with equal keys but different dimensions or values, making operations that preserve the fields faster. Economized storage is now used for scalar structs (just like most other scalars), making their usage more memory-efficient. Certain array-like operations on structs (concatenation, uniform cellfun, num2cell) have gained a significant speed-up. Additionally, the octave_scalar_map class now provides a simpler interface to work with scalar structs within a C++ DLD function. ** Two new formats are available for displaying numbers: format short eng format long eng Both display numbers in engineering notation, i.e., mantissa + exponent where the exponent is a multiple of 3. ** The following functions are new in Octave 3.4: accumdim erfcx luupdate ppder rsf2csf bitpack fileread merge ppint sizemax bitunpack fminbnd nfields ppjumps strread blkmm fskipl nth_element pqpnonneg textread cbrt ifelse onCleanup randi whitebg chop ishermitian pbaspect repelems daspect isindex powerset reset ** Using the image function to view images with external programs such as display, xv, and xloadimage is no longer supported. The image_viewer function has also been removed. ** The behavior of struct assignments to non-struct values has been changed. Previously, it was possible to overwrite an arbitrary value: a = 1; a.x = 2; This is no longer possible unless a is an empty matrix or cell array. ** The dlmread function has been extended to allow specifying a custom value for empty fields. ** The dlmread and dlmwrite functions have been modified to accept file IDs (as returned by fopen) in addition to file names. ** Octave can now optimize away the interpreter overhead of an anonymous function handle, if the function simply calls another function or handle with some of its parameters bound to certain values. Example: f = @(x) sum (x, 1); When f is called, the call is forwarded to @sum with the constant 1 appended, and the anonymous function call does not occur on the call stack. ** Deprecated functions. The following functions were deprecated in Octave 3.0 and have been removed from Octave 3.4. beta_cdf geometric_pdf pascal_pdf beta_inv geometric_rnd pascal_rnd beta_pdf hypergeometric_cdf poisson_cdf beta_rnd hypergeometric_inv poisson_inv binomial_cdf hypergeometric_pdf poisson_pdf binomial_inv hypergeometric_rnd poisson_rnd binomial_pdf intersection polyinteg binomial_rnd is_bool setstr chisquare_cdf is_complex struct_contains chisquare_inv is_list struct_elements chisquare_pdf is_matrix t_cdf chisquare_rnd is_scalar t_inv clearplot is_square t_pdf clg is_stream t_rnd com2str is_struct uniform_cdf exponential_cdf is_symmetric uniform_inv exponential_inv is_vector uniform_pdf exponential_pdf isstr uniform_rnd exponential_rnd lognormal_cdf weibcdf f_cdf lognormal_inv weibinv f_inv lognormal_pdf weibpdf f_pdf lognormal_rnd weibrnd f_rnd meshdom weibull_cdf gamma_cdf normal_cdf weibull_inv gamma_inv normal_inv weibull_pdf gamma_pdf normal_pdf weibull_rnd gamma_rnd normal_rnd wiener_rnd geometric_cdf pascal_cdf geometric_inv pascal_inv The following functions were deprecated in Octave 3.2 and will be removed from Octave 3.6 (or whatever version is the second major release after 3.2): create_set spcholinv spmax dmult spcumprod spmin iscommand spcumsum spprod israwcommand spdet spqr lchol spdiag spsum loadimage spfind spsumsq mark_as_command spinv str2mat mark_as_rawcommand spkron unmark_command spatan2 splchol unmark_rawcommand spchol split spchol2inv splu The following functions have been deprecated in Octave 3.4 and will be removed from Octave 3.8 (or whatever version is the second major release after 3.4): cellidx fstat values Summary of important user-visible changes for version 3.2: --------------------------------------------------------- ** Compatibility with Matlab graphics has been improved. The hggroup object and associated listener callback functions have been added allowing the inclusion of group objects. Data sources have been added to these group objects such that x = 0:0.1:10; y = sin (x); plot (x, y, "ydatasource", "y"); for i = 1 : 100 pause(0.1) y = sin (x + 0.1 * i); refreshdata(); endfor works as expected. This capability has be used to introduce stem-series, bar-series, etc., objects for better Matlab compatibility. ** New graphics functions: addlistener ezcontour gcbo refresh addproperty ezcontourf ginput refreshdata allchild ezmesh gtext specular available_backends ezmeshc intwarning surfl backend ezplot ishghandle trisurf cla ezplot3 isocolors waitforbuttonpress clabel ezpolar isonormals comet ezsurf isosurface dellistener findall linkprop diffuse gcbf plotmatrix ** New experimental OpenGL/FLTK based plotting system. An experimental plotting system based on OpenGL and the FLTK toolkit is now part of Octave. This backend is disabled by default. You can switch to using it with the command backend ("fltk") for all future figures or for a particular figure with the command backend (h, "fltk") where "h" is a valid figure handle. Please note that this backend does not yet support text objects. Obviously, this is a necessary feature before it can be considered usable. We are looking for volunteers to help implement this missing feature. ** Functions providing direct access to gnuplot have been removed. The functions __gnuplot_plot__, __gnuplot_set__, __gnuplot_raw__, __gnuplot_show__, __gnuplot_replot__, __gnuplot_splot__, __gnuplot_save_data__ and __gnuplot_send_inline_data__ have been removed from Octave. These function were incompatible with the high level graphics handle code. ** The Control, Finance and Quaternion functions have been removed. These functions are now available as separate packages from http://octave.sourceforge.net/packages.html and can be reinstalled using the Octave package manager (see the pkg function). ** Specific sparse matrix functions removed. The following functions, which handled only sparse matrices have been removed. Instead of calling these functions directly, you should use the corresponding function without the "sp" prefix. spatan2 spcumsum spkron spprod spchol spdet splchol spqr spchol2inv spdiag splu spsum spcholinv spfind spmax spsumsqk spcumprod spinv spmin ** Improvements to the debugger. The interactive debugging features have been improved. Stopping on statements with dbstop should work correctly now. Stepping into and over functions, and stepping one statement at a time (with dbstep) now works. Moving up and down the call stack with dbup and dbdown now works. The dbstack function is now available to print the current function call stack. The new dbquit function is available to exit the debugging mode. ** Improved traceback error messages. Traceback error messages are much more concise and easier to understand. They now display information about the function call stack instead of the stack of all statements that were active at the point of the error. ** Object Oriented Programming. Octave now includes OOP features and the user can create their own class objects and overloaded functions and operators. For example, all methods of a class called "myclass" will be found in a directory "@myclass" on the users path. The class specific versions of functions and operators take precedence over the generic versions of these functions. New functions related to OOP include class inferiorto isobject loadobj methods superiorto See the Octave manual for more details. ** Parsing of Command-style Functions. Octave now parses command-style functions without needing to first declare them with "mark_as_command". The rules for recognizing a command-style function calls are * A command must appear as the first word in a statement, followed by a space. * The first character after the space must not be '=' or '(' * The next token after the space must not look like a binary operator. These rules should be mostly compatible with the way Matlab parses command-style function calls and allow users to define commands in .m files without having to mark them as commands. Note that previous versions of Octave allowed expressions like x = load -text foo.dat but an expression like this will now generate a parse error. In order to assign the value returned by a function to a variable, you must use the normal function call syntax: x = load ("-text", "foo.dat"); ** Block comments. Commented code can be between matching "#{" and "#}" or "%{" and "%}" markers, even if the commented code spans several line. This allows blocks code to be commented, without needing to comment each line. For example, function [s, t] = func (x, y) s = 2 * x; #{ s *= y; t = y + x; #} endfunction the lines "s *= y;" and "t = y + x" will not be executed. ** Special treatment in the parser of expressions like "a' * b". In these cases the transpose is no longer explicitly formed and BLAS libraries are called with the transpose flagged, significantly improving performance for these kinds of operations. ** Single Precision data type. Octave now includes a single precision data type. Single precision variables can be created with the "single" command, or from functions like ones, eye, etc. For example, single (1) ones (2, 2, "single") zeros (2, 2, "single") eye (2, 2, "single") Inf (2, 2, "single") NaN (2, 2, "single") NA (2, 2, "single") all create single precision variables. For compatibility with Matlab, mixed double/single precision operators and functions return single precision types. As a consequence of this addition to Octave the internal representation of the double precision NA value has changed, and so users that make use of data generated by Octave with R or visa-versa are warned that compatibility might not be assured. ** Improved array indexing. The underlying code used for indexing of arrays has been completely rewritten and indexing is now significantly faster. ** Improved memory management. Octave will now attempt to share data in some cases where previously a copy would be made, such as certain array slicing operations or conversions between cells, structs and cs-lists. This usually reduces both time and memory consumption. Also, Octave will now attempt to detect and optimize usage of a vector as a stack, when elements are being repeatedly inserted at/removed from the end of the vector. ** Improved performance for reduction operations. The performance of the sum, prod, sumsq, cumsum, cumprod, any, all, max and min functions has been significantly improved. ** Sorting and searching. The performance of sort has been improved, especially when sorting indices are requested. An efficient built-in issorted implementation was added. The sortrows function now uses a more efficient algorithm, especially in the homegeneous case. The lookup function is now a built-in function performing a binary search, optimized for long runs of close elements. Lookup also works with cell arrays of strings. ** Range arithmetics For some operations on ranges, Octave will attempt to keep the result as a range. These include negation, adding a scalar, subtracting a scalar, and multiplying by a scalar. Ranges with zero increment are allowed and can be constructed using the built-in function `ones'. ** Various performance improvements. Performance of a number of other built-in operations and functions was improved, including: * logical operations * comparison operators * element-wise power * accumarray * cellfun * isnan * isinf * isfinite * nchoosek * repmat * strcmp ** 64-bit integer arithmetic. Arithmetic with 64-bit integers (int64 and uint64 types) is fully supported, with saturation semantics like the other integer types. Performance of most integer arithmetic operations has been improved by using integer arithmetic directly. Previously, Octave performed integer math with saturation semantics by converting the operands to double precision, performing the operation, and then converting the result back to an integer value, truncating if necessary. ** Diagonal and permutation matrices. The interpreter can now treat diagonal and permutation matrices as special objects that store only the non-zero elements, rather than general full matrices. Therefore, it is now possible to construct and use these matrices in linear algebra without suffering a performance penalty due to storing large numbers of zero elements. ** Improvements to fsolve. The fsolve function now accepts an option structure argument (see also the optimset function). The INFO values returned from fsolve have changed to be compatible with Matlab's fsolve function. Additionally, fsolve is now able to solve overdetermined systems, complex-differentiable complex systems, systems with a sparse jacobian and can work in single precision if given single precision inputs. It can also be called recursively. ** Improvements to the norm function. The norm function is now able to compute row or column norms of a matrix in a single call, as well as general matrix p-norms. ** New functions for computing some eigenvalues or singular values. The eigs and svds functions have been included in Octave. These functions require the ARPACK library (now distributed under a GPL-compatible license). ** New QR and Cholesky factorization updating functions. choldelete cholshift qrdelete qrshift cholinsert cholupdate qrinsert qrupdate ** New quadrature functions. dblquad quadgk quadv triplequad ** New functions for reading and writing images. The imwrite and imread functions have been included in Octave. These functions require the GraphicsMagick library. The new function imfinfo provides information about an image file (size, type, colors, etc.) ** The input_event_hook function has been replaced by the pair of functions add_input_event_hook and remove_input_event_hook so that more than one hook function may be installed at a time. ** Other miscellaneous new functions. addtodate hypot reallog bicgstab idivide realpow cellslices info realsqrt cgs interp1q rectint command_line_path isdebugmode regexptranslate contrast isfloat restoredefaultpath convn isstrprop roundb cummin log1p rundemos cummax lsqnonneg runlength datetick matlabroot saveobj display namelengthmax spaugment expm1 nargoutchk strchr filemarker pathdef strvcat fstat perl subspace full prctile symvar fzero quantile treelayout genvarname re_read_readline_init_file validatestring histc ** Changes to strcat. The strcat function is now compatible with Matlab's strcat function, which removes trailing whitespace when concatenating character strings. For example strcat ('foo ', 'bar') ==> 'foobar' The new function cstrcat provides the previous behavior of Octave's strcat. ** Improvements to the help functions. The help system has been mostly re-implemented in .m files to make it easier to modify. Performance of the lookfor function has been greatly improved by caching the help text from all functions that are distributed with Octave. The pkg function has been modified to generate cache files for external packages when they are installed. ** Deprecated functions. The following functions were deprecated in Octave 3.0 and will be removed from Octave 3.4 (or whatever version is the second major release after 3.0): beta_cdf geometric_pdf pascal_pdf beta_inv geometric_rnd pascal_rnd beta_pdf hypergeometric_cdf poisson_cdf beta_rnd hypergeometric_inv poisson_inv binomial_cdf hypergeometric_pdf poisson_pdf binomial_inv hypergeometric_rnd poisson_rnd binomial_pdf intersection polyinteg binomial_rnd is_bool setstr chisquare_cdf is_complex struct_contains chisquare_inv is_list struct_elements chisquare_pdf is_matrix t_cdf chisquare_rnd is_scalar t_inv clearplot is_square t_pdf clg is_stream t_rnd com2str is_struct uniform_cdf exponential_cdf is_symmetric uniform_inv exponential_inv is_vector uniform_pdf exponential_pdf isstr uniform_rnd exponential_rnd lognormal_cdf weibcdf f_cdf lognormal_inv weibinv f_inv lognormal_pdf weibpdf f_pdf lognormal_rnd weibrnd f_rnd meshdom weibull_cdf gamma_cdf normal_cdf weibull_inv gamma_inv normal_inv weibull_pdf gamma_pdf normal_pdf weibull_rnd gamma_rnd normal_rnd wiener_rnd geometric_cdf pascal_cdf geometric_inv pascal_inv The following functions are now deprecated in Octave 3.2 and will be removed from Octave 3.6 (or whatever version is the second major release after 3.2): create_set spcholinv spmax dmult spcumprod spmin iscommand spcumsum spprod israwcommand spdet spqr lchol spdiag spsum loadimage spfind spsumsq mark_as_command spinv str2mat mark_as_rawcommand spkron unmark_command spatan2 splchol unmark_rawcommand spchol split spchol2inv splu See NEWS.3 for old news.