Mercurial > hg > octave-nkf
annotate doc/interpreter/contrib.txi @ 14853:72b8b39e12be
doc: Periodic grammarcheck of documentation.
* contrib.txi, diagperm.txi, emacs.txi, install.txi, package.txi, plot.txi,
poly.txi, vectorize.txi, strread.m, textscan.m, graphics_toolkit.m, bicg.m,
bicgstab.m, cgs.m, rand.cc, data.cc: Periodic grammarcheck of documentation.
author | Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com> |
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date | Mon, 09 Jul 2012 10:34:43 -0700 |
parents | 87f06b9990bb |
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1 @c Copyright (C) 2012 John W. Eaton |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 2008-2012 Jaroslav Hajek |
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3 @c |
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4 @c This file is part of Octave. |
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5 @c |
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6 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
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7 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the |
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8 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at |
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9 @c your option) any later version. |
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10 @c |
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11 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT |
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12 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or |
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13 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License |
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14 @c for more details. |
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15 @c |
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16 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
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17 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see |
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18 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
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19 |
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20 @node Contributing Guidelines |
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21 @appendix Contributing Guidelines |
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22 @cindex coding standards |
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23 @cindex Octave development |
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24 |
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25 This chapter is dedicated to those who wish to contribute code to Octave. |
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26 |
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27 @menu |
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28 * How to Contribute:: |
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29 * Building the Development Sources:: |
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30 * Basics of Generating a Changeset:: |
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31 * General Guidelines:: |
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32 * Octave Sources (m-files):: |
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33 * C++ Sources:: |
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34 * Other Sources:: |
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35 @end menu |
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36 |
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37 @node How to Contribute |
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38 @section How to Contribute |
11195 | 39 The mailing list for Octave development discussion and sending |
40 contributions is @email{maintainers@@octave.org}. This concerns the | |
41 development of Octave core, i.e., code that goes to Octave directly. | |
42 You may consider developing and publishing a package instead; a great | |
43 place for this is the allied Octave-Forge project | |
44 (@url{http://octave.sf.net}). Note that the Octave project is | |
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45 inherently more conservative and follows narrower rules. |
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46 |
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47 @node Building the Development Sources |
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48 @section Building the Development Sources |
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49 |
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50 In addition to all the tools (both optional and required) that are |
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51 listed in @ref{Build Dependencies} you will need: |
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52 |
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53 @table @asis |
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54 @item Mercurial |
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55 Distributed version control system (@url{http://mercurial.selenic.com}). |
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56 Octave's sources are stored in a Mercurial archive. |
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57 |
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58 @item Git |
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59 Distributed version control system (@url{http://git-scm.com}). The |
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60 gnulib sources that Octave depends on are stored in a Git archive. |
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61 @end table |
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62 |
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63 Once you have the required tools installed, you can build Octave by |
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64 doing |
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65 |
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66 @itemize @bullet |
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67 @item |
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68 Check out a copy of the Octave sources: |
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69 |
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70 @example |
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71 hg clone http://hg.savannah.gnu.org/hgweb/octave |
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72 @end example |
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73 |
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74 @item |
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75 Change to the top-level directory of the newly checked out sources: |
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76 |
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77 @example |
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78 cd octave |
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79 @end example |
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80 |
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81 @item |
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82 Generate the necessary configuration files: |
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83 |
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84 @example |
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85 ./autogen.sh |
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86 @end example |
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87 |
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88 @item |
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89 Create a build directory and change to it: |
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90 |
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91 @example |
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92 @group |
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93 mkdir build |
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94 cd build |
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95 @end group |
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96 @end example |
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97 |
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98 By using a separate build directory, you will keep the source directory |
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99 clean and it will be easy to completely remove all files generated by |
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100 the build. You can also have parallel build trees for different |
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101 purposes that all share the same sources. For example, one build tree |
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102 may be configured to disable compiler optimization in order to allow for |
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103 easier debugging while another may be configured to test building with |
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104 other specialized compiler flags. |
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105 |
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106 @item |
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107 Run Octave's configure script from the build directory: |
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108 |
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109 @example |
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110 ../configure |
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111 @end example |
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112 |
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113 @item |
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114 Run make in the build directory: |
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115 |
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116 @example |
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117 make |
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118 @end example |
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119 |
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120 @end itemize |
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121 |
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122 Once the build is finished, you will see a message like the following: |
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123 |
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124 @example |
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125 @group |
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126 Octave successfully built. Now choose from the following: |
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127 |
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128 ./run-octave - to run in place to test before installing |
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129 make check - to run the tests |
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130 make install - to install (PREFIX=...) |
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131 @end group |
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132 @end example |
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133 |
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134 @node Basics of Generating a Changeset |
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135 @section Basics of Generating a Changeset |
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136 |
11195 | 137 The preferable form of contribution is creating a Mercurial changeset |
138 and sending it via e-mail to the octave-maintainers mailing list. | |
139 Mercurial is the source code management system currently used to develop | |
140 Octave. Other forms of contributions (e.g., simple diff patches) are | |
141 also acceptable, but they slow down the review process. If you want to | |
142 make more contributions, you should really get familiar with Mercurial. | |
143 A good place to start is | |
144 @url{http://www.selenic.com/mercurial/wiki/index.cgi/Tutorial}. There | |
145 you will also find help how to install Mercurial. | |
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146 |
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147 A simple contribution sequence could look like this: |
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148 |
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149 @example |
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150 @group |
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151 hg clone http://www.octave.org/hg/octave |
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152 # make a local copy of the octave |
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153 # source repository |
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154 cd octave |
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155 # change some sources@dots{} |
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156 hg commit -m "make Octave the coolest software ever" |
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157 # commit the changeset into your |
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158 # local repository |
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159 hg export -o ../cool.diff tip |
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160 # export the changeset to a diff |
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161 # file |
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162 # send ../cool.diff via email |
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163 @end group |
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164 @end example |
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165 |
11195 | 166 You may want to get familiar with Mercurial queues to manage your |
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167 changesets. Here is a slightly more complex example using Mercurial |
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168 queues, where work on two unrelated changesets is done in parallel and |
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169 one of the changesets is updated after discussion on the maintainers |
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170 mailing list: |
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171 |
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172 @example |
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173 hg qnew nasty_bug # create a new patch |
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174 # change sources@dots{} |
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175 hg qref # save the changes into the patch |
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176 # change even more@dots{} |
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177 hg qref -m "solution to nasty bug!" |
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178 # save again with commit message |
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179 hg export -o ../nasty.diff tip |
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180 # export the patch |
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181 # send ../nasty.diff via email |
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182 hg qpop # undo the application of the patch |
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183 # and remove the changes from the |
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184 # source tree |
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185 hg qnew doc_improvements # create an unrelated patch |
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186 # change doc sources@dots{} |
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187 hg qref -m "could not find myfav.m in the doc" |
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188 # save the changes into the patch |
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189 hg export -o ../doc.diff tip |
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190 # export the second patch |
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191 # send ../doc.diff tip via email |
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192 hg qpop |
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193 # discussion in the maintainers mailing list @dots{} |
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194 hg qpush nasty_bug # apply the patch again |
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195 # change sources yet again @dots{} |
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196 hg qref |
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197 hg export -o ../nasty2.diff tip |
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198 # send ../nasty2.diff via email |
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199 @end example |
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200 |
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201 @node General Guidelines |
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202 @section General Guidelines |
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203 |
11195 | 204 All Octave's sources are distributed under the General Public License |
205 (GPL). Currently, Octave uses GPL version 3. For details about this | |
206 license, see @url{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html}. Therefore, | |
207 whenever you create a new source file, it should have the following | |
208 comment header (use appropriate year, name and comment marks): | |
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209 |
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210 @example |
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211 ## Copyright (C) 1996-2012 John W. Eaton <jwe@@octave.org> |
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212 ## |
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213 ## This file is part of Octave. |
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214 ## |
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215 ## Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
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216 ## modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public |
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217 ## License as published by the Free Software Foundation; |
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218 ## either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any |
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219 ## later version. |
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220 ## |
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221 ## Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, |
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222 ## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied |
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223 ## warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR |
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224 ## PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more |
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225 ## details. |
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226 ## |
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227 ## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public |
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228 ## License along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, |
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229 ## see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
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230 @end example |
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231 |
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232 Always include commit messages in changesets. After making your source |
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233 changes, record and briefly describe the changes in your commit message. |
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234 You should have previously configured your @file{.hgrc} (or |
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235 @file{Mercurial.ini} on Windows) with your name and email, which will |
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236 get automatically added to your commit message. Your commit message |
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237 should have a brief one-line explanation of what the commit does. If you |
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238 are patching a bug, this one-line explanation should mention the bug |
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239 number at the end. If your change is small and only touches one file, |
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240 this is typically sufficient. If you are modifying several files or |
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241 several parts of one file, you should enumerate your changes roughly |
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242 following the GNU coding standards on changelogs, like the following |
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243 example: |
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244 |
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245 @example |
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246 @group |
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247 look for methods before constructors |
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248 |
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249 * symtab.cc (symbol_table::fcn_info::fcn_info_rep::find): |
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250 Look for class methods before constructors, contrary to @sc{matlab} |
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251 documentation. |
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252 |
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253 * test/ctor-vs-method: New directory of test classes. |
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254 * test/test_ctor_vs_method.m: New file. |
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255 * test/Makefile.am: Include ctor-vs-method/module.mk. |
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256 (FCN_FILES): Include test_ctor_vs_method.m in the list. |
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257 @end group |
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258 @end example |
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259 |
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260 @noindent |
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261 In this example, the names of files is mentioned, and in parentheses the |
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262 name of the function in that file that was modified. There is no need to |
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263 mention the function for m-files that only contain one function. The |
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264 commit message should describe what is changed, not why. Any explanation |
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265 of why a change is needed should appear as comments in the code, |
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266 particularly if there is something that might not be obvious to someone |
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267 reading it later. |
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268 |
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269 When submitting code which addresses a known bug on the Octave bug |
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270 tracker (@url{http://bugs.octave.org}), please add '(bug #XXXXX)' to the |
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271 first line of the commit messages. For example: |
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272 |
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273 @example |
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274 @group |
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275 Fix bug for complex input for gradient (bug #34292). |
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276 @end group |
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277 @end example |
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278 |
11195 | 279 The preferred comment mark for places that may need further attention is |
280 FIXME. | |
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281 |
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282 @node Octave Sources (m-files) |
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283 @section Octave Sources (m-files) |
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284 |
11195 | 285 Don't use tabs. Tabs cause trouble. If you are used to them, set up |
286 your editor so that it converts tabs to spaces. Indent the bodies of | |
287 the statement blocks. Recommended indent is 2 spaces. When calling | |
288 functions, put spaces after commas and before the calling parentheses, | |
289 like this: | |
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290 |
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291 @example |
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292 x = max (sin (y+3), 2); |
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293 @end example |
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294 |
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295 @noindent |
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296 An exception are matrix and vector constructors: |
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297 |
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298 @example |
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299 [sin(x), cos(x)] |
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300 @end example |
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301 |
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302 @noindent |
11195 | 303 Here, putting spaces after @code{sin}, @code{cos} would result in a |
304 parse error. In indexing expression, do not put a space after the | |
305 identifier (this differentiates indexing and function calls nicely). | |
306 The space after comma is not necessary if index expressions are simple, | |
307 i.e., you may write | |
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308 |
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309 @example |
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310 A(:,i,j) |
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311 @end example |
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312 |
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313 @noindent |
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314 but |
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315 |
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316 @example |
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317 A([1:i-1;i+1:n], XI(:,2:n-1)) |
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318 @end example |
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319 |
11195 | 320 Use lowercase names if possible. Uppercase is acceptable for variable |
321 names consisting of 1-2 letters. Do not use mixed case names. Function | |
322 names must be lowercase. Function names are global, so choose them | |
323 wisely. | |
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324 |
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325 Always use a specific end-of-block statement (like @code{endif}, |
11195 | 326 @code{endswitch}) rather than generic @code{end}. |
327 | |
328 Enclose the @code{if}, @code{while}, @code{until} and @code{switch} | |
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329 conditions in parentheses, like in C: |
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330 |
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331 @example |
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332 @group |
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333 if (isvector (a)) |
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334 s = sum(a); |
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335 endif |
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336 @end group |
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337 @end example |
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338 |
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339 @noindent |
11195 | 340 Do not do this, however, with the iteration counter portion of a |
341 @code{for} statement. Write: | |
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342 |
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343 @example |
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344 @group |
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345 for i = 1:n |
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346 b(i) = sum (a(:,i)); |
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347 endfor |
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348 @end group |
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349 @end example |
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350 |
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351 @node C++ Sources |
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352 @section C++ Sources |
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353 |
11195 | 354 Don't use tabs. Tabs cause trouble. If you are used to them, set up |
355 your editor so that it converts tabs to spaces. Format function headers | |
356 like this: | |
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357 |
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358 @example |
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359 @group |
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360 static bool |
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361 matches_patterns (const string_vector& patterns, int pat_idx, |
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362 int num_pat, const std::string& name) |
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363 @end group |
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364 @end example |
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365 |
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366 @noindent |
11195 | 367 The function name should start in column 1, and multi-line argument |
368 lists should be aligned on the first char after the open parenthesis. | |
369 You should put a space after the left open parenthesis and after commas, | |
370 for both function definitions and function calls. | |
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371 |
11195 | 372 Recommended indent is 2 spaces. When indenting, indent the statement |
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373 after control structures (like @code{if}, @code{while}, etc.). If there |
11195 | 374 is a compound statement, indent @emph{both} the curly braces and the |
375 body of the statement (so that the body gets indented by @emph{two} | |
376 indents). Example: | |
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377 |
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378 @example |
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379 @group |
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380 if (have_args) |
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381 @{ |
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382 idx.push_back (first_args); |
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383 have_args = false; |
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384 @} |
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385 else |
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386 idx.push_back (make_value_list (*p_args, *p_arg_nm, &tmp)); |
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387 @end group |
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388 @end example |
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389 |
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390 @noindent |
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391 If you have nested @code{if} statements, use extra braces for extra |
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392 clarification. |
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393 |
11195 | 394 Split long expressions in such a way that a continuation line starts |
395 with an operator rather than identifier. If the split occurs inside | |
396 braces, continuation should be aligned with the first char after the | |
397 innermost braces enclosing the split. Example: | |
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398 |
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399 @example |
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400 @group |
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401 SVD::type type = ((nargout == 0 || nargout == 1) |
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402 ? SVD::sigma_only |
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403 : (nargin == 2) ? SVD::economy : SVD::std); |
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404 @end group |
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405 @end example |
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406 |
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407 @noindent |
11195 | 408 Consider putting extra braces around a multiline expression to make it |
409 more readable, even if they are not necessary. Also, do not hesitate to | |
410 put extra braces anywhere if it improves clarity. | |
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411 |
11195 | 412 Declare variables just before they're needed. Use local variables of |
413 blocks---it helps optimization. Don't write multi-line variable | |
414 declaration with a single type specification and multiple variables. If | |
415 the variables don't fit on single line, repeat the type specification. | |
416 Example: | |
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417 |
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418 @example |
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419 @group |
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420 octave_value retval; |
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421 |
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422 octave_idx_type nr = b.rows (); |
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423 octave_idx_type nc = b.cols (); |
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424 |
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425 double d1, d2; |
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426 @end group |
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427 @end example |
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428 |
11195 | 429 Use lowercase names if possible. Uppercase is acceptable for variable |
430 names consisting of 1-2 letters. Do not use mixed case names. | |
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431 |
11195 | 432 Use Octave's types and classes if possible. Otherwise, use the C++ |
433 standard library. Use of STL containers and algorithms is encouraged. | |
434 Use templates wisely to reduce code duplication. Avoid comma | |
435 expressions, labels and gotos, and explicit typecasts. If you need to | |
436 typecast, use the modern C++ casting operators. In functions, minimize | |
437 the number of @code{return} statements---use nested @code{if} statements | |
438 if possible. | |
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439 |
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440 @node Other Sources |
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441 @section Other Sources |
11195 | 442 Apart from C++ and Octave language (m-files), Octave's sources include |
443 files written in C, Fortran, M4, Perl, Unix shell, AWK, Texinfo and | |
444 @TeX{}. There are not many rules to follow when using these other | |
445 languages; some of them are summarized below. In any case, the golden | |
446 rule is: if you modify a source file, try to follow any conventions you | |
447 can detect in the file or other similar files. | |
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448 |
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449 For C you should obviously follow all C++ rules that can apply. |
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450 |
11195 | 451 If you modify a Fortran file, you should stay within Fortran 77 with |
452 common extensions like @code{END DO}. Currently, we want all sources to | |
453 be compilable with the f2c and g77 compilers, without special flags if | |
454 possible. This usually means that non-legacy compilers also accept the | |
455 sources. | |
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456 |
11195 | 457 The M4 macro language is mainly used for Autoconf configuration files. |
458 You should follow normal M4 rules when contributing to these files. | |
459 Some M4 files come from external source, namely the Autoconf archive | |
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460 @url{http://autoconf-archive.cryp.to}. |
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461 |
11195 | 462 If you give a code example in the documentation written in Texinfo with |
463 the @code{@@example} environment, you should be aware that the text | |
464 within such an environment will not be wrapped. It is recommended that | |
465 you keep the lines short enough to fit on pages in the generated pdf or | |
466 ps documents. Here is a ruler (in an @code{@@example} environment) for | |
467 finding the appropriate line width: | |
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468 |
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469 @example |
8516 | 470 @group |
471 1 2 3 4 5 6 | |
472 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 | |
473 @end group | |
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474 @end example |